(2011). Researching the Third Sector through Time: Methods, Ethics and Insights, University of Leeds. third sector
method: longitudinal analysis
method: qualitative
Method: life histories
methodology
ethics
policy
the future
planning
social Change
history
causality
timescape
Relevance: 2
	There is a growing interest in the use of qualitative longitudinal and life history methods in third sector research. Engaging qualitatively with time enables a more finely grained understanding of the dynamics of third sector organisations – their histories, their strategies for the future, and their journeys through a complex and rapidly changing policy landscape. This seminar will bring together a number of funded projects that are using such methods to produce distinctive forms of knowledge on the third sector. Some are using Qualitative longitudinal methods to chart and shed light on long term processes of support and transformation within the sector in times of increasing austerity and changes in public funding. These prospective tracking projects chart change in the making. They will be complemented with life history projects that look backwards in time, tracing changes historically and illustrating causality through the intersection of past and present.

The broad aims of the event are to  enable a detailed sharing of methodological and ethical issues arising from a qualitative engagement with time in third sector research, to reflect and share insights that are emerging from these varied studies and to consider the possibilities for data sharing and comparative analysis across these and similar projects. Speakers include Victoria Bell (Teeside), Sue Bond (Edinburgh Napier), Irene Hardill (Northumberland), David Lewis (LSE), and Rob Macmillan (Birmingham) and Zoe Munby (Home Start). The event is being hosted by the Timescapes Qualitative Longitudinal Initiative, in collaboration with the Third Sector Research Centre, with funding from the Economic and Social Research Council.   

Abbott, A. (2001). Time Matters: On Theory and Method. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Sociology
History
methodology
Unpredictibility
events
causality
temporality of academic work
Relevance: 2
Turning points
assumptions about time obscuring x
Meaning
critique of discipline
	What do variables really tell us? When exactly do inventions occur? Why do we always miss turning points as they transpire? When does what doesn't happen mean as much, if not more, than what does? Andrew Abbott considers these fascinating questions in Time Matters, a diverse series of essays that constitutes the most extensive analysis of temporality in social science today. Ranging from abstract theoretical reflection to pointed methodological critique, Abbott demonstrates the inevitably theoretical character of any methodology. Time Matters focuses particularly on questions of time, events, and causality. Abbott grounds each essay in straightforward examinations of actual social scientific analyses. Throughout, he demonstrates the crucial assumptions we make about causes and events, about actors and interaction and about time and meaning every time we employ methods of social analysis, whether in academic disciplines, market research, public opinion polling, or even evaluation research. Turning current assumptions on their heads, Abbott not only outlines the theoretical orthodoxies of empirical social science, he sketches new alternatives, laying down foundations for a new body of social theory.

see particularly see Chapter 7 Temporality and Process in Social Life

Aching, G. (2010). "Carnival time versus modern social life: a false distinction." Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture 16(4): 415-425.social time
events
break in time
modernity
temporal conflict
suspensions of everyday time
Dance
gender
Relevance: 2
temporal boundaries
carribean
mediation
Social coordination
Trinidad
Carribean
	Closely examining the dance form of winin' ubiquitous in Trinidad and Tobago's carnival, this essay argues for the inextricability of carnival time and contemporary social life. In contrast to the notion that carnival constitutes interruptions or postponements of projects of modernity and, especially, that it invokes a temporality and social space where ideologies may be blissfully suspended, this study illustrates how this dance form articulates the status of and quest for personal freedoms in public spaces and contests a specific gender ideology. The essay describes and interrogates how winin', mediates the relationship between competing pleasures – those of the state and of the carnival reveller respectively – and illustrates the extent to which the dance form's exaggerated and hypervisible practices constitute a demand for social engagement.

Adam, B. (1989). "Feminist social theory needs time: Reflections on the relation between feminist thought, social theory and time as an important parameter in social analysis." Sociological Review 37(3): 458-473.methodology
feminist theory
social time
sociology
Adam
gender
critical temporalities
relevance: 2
Multiple temporalities
women's time
philosophy
	This paper explores the relation between feminist concerns, social theory and the multiple time aspects of social life. It is suggested that while feminist approaches have been located in classical political philosophy, the same imposed classification has not occurred with respect to social theory perspectives. Rather than seeing this as an academic gap that needs filling, it was taken as an opportunity to take note of the wide variety of feminist approaches to methodological and theoretical issues and to relate these to concerns arising from a focus on the time, temporality, and timing of social life. It is argued that a feminist social theory, as an understanding of the social world through the eyes of women, is not only complemented by such a focus on time but dependent on it for an opportunity to transcend the pervasive vision of the ‘founding fathers’.

Adam, B. (1994). Time and Social Theory. Cambridge, Polity.Adam
Social theory
Sociology
social time
methodology
Critical temporalities
Standardisation
technology
Relevance: 2
Assumptions about time obscuring x
time as missing element
Newton
critique of discipline
philosophy
	Time is at the forefront of contemporary scholarly inquiry across the natural sciences and the humanities. Yet the social sciences have remained substantially isolated from time-related concerns. This book argues that time should be a key part of social theory and focuses concern upon issues which have emerged as central to an understanding of today's social world.Through her analysis of time Barbara Adam shows that our contemporary social theories are firmly embedded in Newtonian science and classical dualistic philosophy. She exposes these classical frameworks of thought as inadequate to the task of conceptualizing our contemporary world of standardized time, computers, nuclear power and global telecommunications.

Adam, B. (1995). Timewatch: The Social Analysis of Time. Cambridge, Polity Press.Social time
feminist theory
Adam
Social theory
sociology
methodology
embodiment
environment
experiential time
health
education
globalisation
Multiple temporalities
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
environment
Asynchrony
time as symbolic resource
time reckoning
	Time forms such an important part of our lives that it is rarely thought about. In this book the author moves beyond the time of clocks and calendars in order to study time as embedded in social interactions, structures, practices and knowledge, in artefacts, in the body, and in the environment. The author looks at the many different ways in which time is experienced, in relation to the various contexts and institutions of social life. Among the topics discussed are time in the areas of health, education, work, globalization and environmental change. Through focusing on the complexities of social time she explores ways of keeping together what social science traditions have taken apart, namely, time with reference to the personal-public, local-global and natural-cultural dimensions of social life. Barbara Adam's time-based approach engages with, yet differs from postmodernist writings. It suggests ways not merely to deconstruct but to reconstruct both common-sense and social science understanding.This book will be of interest to undergraduates, graduates and academics in the areas of sociology, social theory environmental/green issues, feminist theory, cultural studies, philosophy, peace studies, education, social policy and anthropology.

Adam, B. (1996). "Beyond the Present: Nature, Technology and the Democratic Ideal " Time & Society 5(3): 319-338.Technology
Nature
Democracy
Politics
Political time
Globalisation
environment
Multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
time scarcity
conceptions of time
critical temporalities
Economics
Responsibility
temporally extended responsibilities
Science
Relevance: 2
temporal complexity
political time
time as symbolic resource
industrialisation
coordinating between different times
changing perceptions of time
Adam
	It is widely recognized that globalization, contemporary technologies and environmental hazards pose problems for the political ideal of democracy. An explicit focus on time gives us a new point of access to these debates. No longer understood in the singular as the implicit context within political processes take place, time in its complex, multiple expressions can serve as a tool for reconceptualization. In its single and conglomerate forms it is lived and negotiated in conflict. This is nowhere more apparent than in globalized socio-political processes with their varied ties to contemporary technology, most specifically when these are concerned with environmental hazards. In such situations the conflict is not merely between different scarcities of and needs for time, but between temporalities that operate to different principles: the variable. rhythmic temporality of nature and the cosmos, on the one hand, and the industrial times of the machine, the laboratory and economic considerations, on the other hand. It is between new configurations of actors past, present and future where concerns, rights and duties extend beyond the present to peoples long dead and those whose future present is constructed by our contemporary political and scientific actions. Together, these temporal features and complexities present crucial conceptual and political challenges for the next century.

Adam, B. (2010). "History of the future: Paradoxes and challenges." Rethinking History: The Journal of Theory and Practice 14(3): 361 - 378.Future
Action
method: dynamic rather than static
History
Futurity
social theory
Relevance: 2
open future
open past
future orientation
imagined futures
Agency
time as missing element
Methodology
critique of discipline
Adam
what is not yet
	Social action is performed in the temporal domain of open and fluid pasts and futures. It is both mindful of the recoverable and lived past and projectively oriented towards an intangible future. It sets processes in motion that ripple through the entire system, across space and time, to eventually emerge as facts. This futurity of action tends to get lost in analyses that concentrate primarily on empirically accessible, factual outcomes of plans, decisions, hopes and fears. To encompass this ‘not yet’ as the central component in the production of social facts requires historical knowledge of the future. The paper presents a broad-brush analysis of changing approaches to the future and ends with reflections on necessary changes to the logic of social inquiry in order that social futurity may be accorded its appropriate place in the study of social life.

Adam, B., C. Groves, et al. (2006). "In Pursuit of the Future." Retrieved 28th August 2011, 2011, from www.cardiff.ac.uk/socsi/futures/index.html.futurity
Adam
future
imagined futures
Technology
long-term perspectives
Unpredictibility
temporally extended responsibilities
knowledge
ethics
Responsibility
future generations
generations
social time
philosophy
social theory
future orientation
environment
Relevance: 2
policy
	The Project
::Creating Futures
Societies are developing and investing in technological and scientific innovations that have ever longer-term consequences for human and non-human life. Current future-producing practices include biotechnologies, nanotechnologies, and nuclear technologies. Such developments unleash futures that we cannot predict, and set in motion processes that will affect untold generations to come.

:: Knowing Futures
So there is a disjunction between what we do, and what we can know; while we design and implement new technologies, we cannot know their future consequences. Predictions and foresight methods used in formulating policy rely on scientific prediction, which builds up models of the future based on knowledge of the past. Where innovative technologies operating in contexts of complexity are concerned, this approach cannot help us.

::Minding Futures
This disjunction between knowing and doing creates a context for irresponsibility, in which all responsibility for that which cannot be seen, traced or detected in the present becomes displaced, and externalised for future generations to bear.

This project aims to address this contemporary disjunction between technological capacity and human understanding, together with the ethical problems it creates.

The research brings together isolated fields of enquiry in theory, practice, and ethics, and works towards a comprehensive, socially relevant theory of the future.

In its first, main phase, the project is primarily focused on theoretical matters, such as how the future is known, theorized, conceptualized and minded across diverse academic fields and sectors. Accordingly, the main sources are philosophy and social theory.
The first series of questions guiding our research are as follows:

    How is the future theorised across diverse fields of knowledge?
    What are present and past means to ‘know’ the future?
    How is the future implicated in social science practice?
    What ethical approaches to long-term responsibility for the outcomes of current actions are available?

In the project’s second phase, the focus shifts to more practical areas of inquiry. The second series of questions are as follows:

    How is daily life oriented towards the future: economically, environmentally, scientifically, religiously and politically?
    How are aspirations actualised?
    How is the future produced in daily practice?

More specifically, the research focuses on socio-environmental matters and the increasing gulf between the capacity to create damaging long-term futures and the inability to predict long-term impacts. In this part of the research programme, we are concerned directly with practical matters of accountability and responsibility in contexts of uncertainty. Some overarching questions related to ethical responses to futures in the making are as follows:

    How are unintended consequences handled economically, politically and scientifically?
    How are participants in the various domains of social practice held accountable and responsible for future outcomes of their actions?
    What conditions and circumstances exempt persons from being held accountable and responsible for future outcomes of their actions?

Adesanmi, P. (2004). "Of Postcolonial Entanglement and Durée: Reflections on the Francophone African Novel." Comparative Literature 56(3): 227-242.literary theory
postcolonialism
Bergson
Africa
hope
open future
imagined futures
absence of future
perception of time
Development
time as symbolic
time as tool for political legitimation
continuity over time
Method: dynamic rather than static
invention of tradition
What might have been
Relevance: 2
Literature
Postcolonialism
Past in the present
history
heritage
shared past
Shared future
inclusion/exclusion
homogenising present
agency
	Abstract not available - Introduction: Afropessimism and temporality  One fundamental consequence of the tragic failure of the postcolonial nationstate in Africa has been the elaboration of discursive positions underpinned by sentiments of despair and hopelessness. With one developmentalist thesis after another crumbling under the weight of civil wars, famine, poverty, social inertia, and political stasis, it has become the norm in various Africanist disciplines to homogenize the continent's postcolonial space as one uniform site of dysfunctionality.' Underpinning the reasons often proffered for this pervasive Afropessimism is the belief that "the African condition"2 can only be understood from the perspective of what Simon Gikandi calls "the schemata of difference" (455), difference, that is, from the teleological ethos of the Occident. Thus, an entire discursive symbology has evolved to place the temporal frame of the African postcolony within a largely unproblematized sign of negativity. This is the difficulty of speaking "rationally" about Africa that Achille Mbembe evokes in the introduction to On the Postcolony. In an effort to transcend both Afropessimist representations of the African condition and the Eurocentric paradigms that underlie some of them, Patrick Chabal and Jean-Pascal Daloz propose in Africa Works an analytical grid designed to reveal the "continuities in their historicity." Although their study focuses on  articulations of agency in the informal infra-State contexts of African postcolonies,Chabal and Daloz are able to show that Afropessimism devolves from scholarly practices and discursive formations that are too often fixated on the tragedy of Africa's colonial past and the imperfect modernity of the nation-state it engendered. The trouble with such positions is that they often underestimate the dynamism of the present, subsuming its independent vitality within the causal instrumentality of a colonial past that is made to function as an exegetical grid for every aspect of the postcolonial condition. Chabal and Daloz, on the other hand, while acknowledging the significance of the past, do not downplay the vitality of a present marked by the interweaving of Africa's colonial and postcolonial realities. If the need to overcome the passe inclinations of Afropessimism also bespeaks a certain anxiety regarding temporality, as one clearly sees in Africa Works, it is because every attempt to privilege what Fredric Jameson calls "the ontology of the present" (215) carries the risk of unsettling altogether the authority of the African past. That is, if, asJameson suggests, "ontologies of the present demand archeologies of the future, not forecasts of the past"-the reference to Edouard Glissant's well-known notion of vision prophitique du passe ("the prophetic vision of the past") (227) is obvious-what then happens to the past of subject peoples, a past that requires precisely the sort of creative engagement that Jameson dismisses? How does one proceed to valorize this past without making the present its prisoner? This dilemma was largely responsible for the initially lukewarm attitude of African (ist) scholarship to postcolonial theory, a body of knowledge that has never quite been able to overcome the semantic import of its problematic prefix.3

Agamben, G. (1993). The Coming Community. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota.Philosophy
Continental Philosophy
non-homogeneous community
identity
futurity
ethics
Relevance: 2
Agamben
belonging
cinema
theology
Religion
Heidegger
Jean-Luc Nancy
christianity
	Unquestionably an influential thinker in Italy today, Giorgio Agamben has contributed to some of the most vital philosophical debates of our time. "The Coming Community" is an indispensable addition to the body of his work. How can we conceive a human community that lays no claim to identity - being American, being Muslim, being communist? How can a community be formed of singularities that refuse any criteria of belonging? Agamben draws on an eclectic and exciting set of sources to explore the status of human subjectivities outside of general identity. From St Thomas' analysis of halos to a stocking commercial shown in French cinemas, and from the Talmud's warning about entering paradise to the power of the multitude in Tiananmen Square, Agamben tracks down the singular subjectivity that is coming in the contemporary world and shaping the world to come. Agamben develops the concept of community and the social implications of his philosophical thought. "The Coming Community" offers both a philosophical mediation and the beginnings of a new foundation for ethics, one grounded beyond subjectivity, ideology, and the concepts of good and evil.

Agamben's exploration is, in part, a contemporary and creative response to the work of Heidegger, Wittgenstein, Blanchot, Jean-Luc Nancy, and, more historically, Plato, Spinoza, and medieval scholars and theorists of Judeo-Christian scriptures. This volume is the first in a new series that encourages transdisciplinary exploration and destabilizes traditional boundaries between disciplines, nations, genders, races, humans, and machines. Giorgio Agamben currently teaches philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris and at the University of Macerata (Italy). He is the author of "Language and Death" (Minnesota, 1991) and "Stanzas" (Minnesota, 1992). This book is intended for those in the fields of cultural theory, literary theory, philosophy. 

Agamben, G. (1993). Time and History: Critique of the Instant and the Continuum. Infancy and History: The Destruction of Experience. G. Agamben. London, Verso: 91-105.Knowledge
History
Critical temporalities
Benjamin
Philosophy
Continental Philosophy
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
social change
changing perceptions of time
modernity
communities in crisis
Adorno
Agamben
Anthropology
Husserl
Kant
Hegel
Marxism
	Book description:  How and why did experience and knowledge become separated? Is it possible to talk of an infancy of experience, a "dumb" experience? For Walter Benjamin, the "poverty of experience" was a characteristic of modernity, originating in the catastrophe of the First World War. For Giorgio Agamben, the Italian editor of Benjamin's complete works, the destruction of experience no longer needs catastrophes: daily life in any modern city will suffice. Agamben's profound and radical exploration of language, infancy, and everyday life traces concepts of experience through Kant, Hegel, Husserl and Benveniste. In doing so he elaborates a theory of infancy that throws new light on a number of major themes in contemporary thought: the anthropological opposition between nature and culture; the linguistic opposition between speech and language; the birth of the subject and the appearance of the unconscious. Agamben goes on to consider time and history; the Marxist notion of base and superstructure (via a careful reading of the famous Adorno-Benjamin correspondence on Baudelaire's Paris); and the difference between rituals and games. Beautifully written, erudite and provocative, these essays will be of great interest to students of philosophy, linguistics, anthropology and politics. 

Agnew, J. (1996). "Time into Space: The Myth of 'Backward' Italy in Modern Europe " Time & Society 5(1): 27-45.Italy
Europe
temporal distancing
social time
Method: dynamic rather than static
time and space
history
Anthropology
Coevalness
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
community development
time as symbolic resource
	The understanding of the social character of time and space has suffered from the tendency to express one in terms of the other. Time has thus lost its dynamism when reduced to such two-fold categorizations of space as `backward' and `modern'. As a result, space is oversimplified into homogeneous blocks that have ideal-type temporal characteristics. This paper offers one view of how this has happened historically. The pervasiveness of the expression of time into space is then illustrated through an examination of some representations of Italy in contemporary historical and anthropological scholarship. A particular metaphor - that of backward Italy in modern Europe - has acquired mythic status in explaining the `nature' of Italy.

Alexander, M. J. (2005). Pedagogies of Crossing: Meditations on Feminism, Sexual Politics, Memory and the Sacred. Durham, NC, Duke University Press.feminism; Sexuality; Memory; Religion; Queer theory; Colonialism; economics; race; modernity; spirituality; history; USA; Mexico; Canada; liberalism; Generations; non-homogeneous community; Critical temporalities; Relevance: 2; Transnational; feminist theory; Western imperialism; invention of tradition; Generations; imagined futures; carribean; liberalism; political economy; Social justice; politics
	M. Jacqui Alexander is one of the most important theorists of transnational feminism working today. Pedagogies of Crossing brings together essays she has written over the past decade, uniting her incisive critiques, which have had such a profound impact on feminist, queer, and critical race theories, with some of her more recent work. In this landmark interdisciplinary volume, Alexander points to a number of critical imperatives made all the more urgent by contemporary manifestations of neoimperialism and neocolonialism. Among these are the need for North American feminism and queer studies to take up transnational frameworks that foreground questions of colonialism, political economy, and racial formation; for a thorough re-conceptualization of modernity to account for the heteronormative regulatory practices of modern state formations; and for feminists to wrestle with the spiritual dimensions of experience and the meaning of sacred subjectivity.

In these meditations, Alexander deftly unites large, often contradictory, historical processes across time and space. She focuses on the criminalization of queer communities in both the United States and the Caribbean in ways that prompt us to rethink how modernity invents its own traditions; she juxtaposes the political organizing and consciousness of women workers in global factories in Mexico, the Caribbean, and Canada with the pressing need for those in the academic factory to teach for social justice; she reflects on the limits and failures of liberal pluralism; and she presents original and compelling arguments that show how and why transgenerational memory is an indispensable spiritual practice within differently constituted women-of-color communities as it operates as a powerful antidote to oppression. In this multifaceted, visionary book, Alexander maps the terrain of alternative histories and offers new forms of knowledge with which to mold alternative futures.

Allan, B. (2007). "Time to learn? E-learners' experiences of time in virtual learning communities." Management Learning 38(5): 557-572.education
online communities
communities of practice
Management
Asynchrony
temporal conflict
Perception of time
time management
Relevance: 2
orientation within time
The internet
	This article argues that professional development mediated by a virtual learning community produces new temporal challenges for learners. The study explores the experiences of e-learners using a multi-method approach that includes time vision and metaphor analysis. The results suggest that e-learners develop and use different approaches to time, and this is linked to aspects of different time visions. Further, some e-learners reconstruct their approaches to time management at an early stage in their virtual experiences. They engage in reflective commentaries in their virtual learning communities and this helps them to adjust to the time demands of e-learning. This process of adaptation and change is reflected in the metaphors used by e-learners. It is proposed that if the issues of time are explored with newcomers to e-learning, as part of the explicit curriculum, then this will help e-learners benefit from the flexibility inherent in virtual learning communities.

Allen, C. J. (1993-1994). "Time, Place and Narrative in an Andean Community." SOCIÉTÉ SUISSE DES AMÉRICANISTES Bulletin 57-58: 89-95.Peru
Latin America
narrative
environment
Perception of time
time and space
social time
Relevance: 2
time as symbolic resource
meaning
indigenous peoples
	None available - from the text: "In this paper I will explore the inter-relationship between place, time and narrative in an Andean community in order to better understand how contemporary Quechua-speaking peasants interpret their rugged environment. When people talk about the way things happen, they reveal an experience of time. Understanding a narrative tradition requires sensitivity to the experience of time that narrators themselves takes for granted. In teh pages that follow I will explore the expression of temporality implicit in the narrative tradition of a small Quechua-speaking community in the highlands of southern Peru. Specifically, I will concentrate on the indigenous classification of these narratives into 'genres', and show that it is based on a concept of 'time, which is also localised and inseparable from 'place'. 

Allen, N. (2000). "The Times They Are A-Changing: The Influence of Railroad Technology on the Adoption of Standard Time Zones in 1883." The History Teacher 33(2): 241-256.History
education
technology
transport technologies
Standardisation
Changing perceptions of time
industrialisation
Relevance: 2
history of changing perceptions of time
time zones
	Presents the story of the role railroad technology had in the adoption of Standard Time Zones in 1883 and also considers the influence of astronomers at the time. Includes the map of the standard railway time used by W. F. Allen and an annotated bibliography with primary and secondary sources. THE STORY OF THE ADOPTION of Standard Time in 1883 is an excellent example of what Henry Adams was describing in 1907 when he spoke of the impact of railroad technology after the Civil War. This story is not well known, but it illustrates how technology created new problems, caused people to view their world differently, and led to changes in everyday life that were unexpected then, and are taken for granted today. The growth of the railroads created a new time keeping problem, and it was the railroad companies that played the biggest part in solving this problem

Allen, T. (2005). "Clockwork Nation: Modern Time, Moral Perfectionism and American Identity in Catharine Beecher and Henry Thoreau." Journal of American Studies 39(1): 65-86.modernity
ethics
USA
Thoreau
Technology
Changing perceptions of time
Market time
Multiple temporalities
clock time
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
coordinating between different times
time as resource
Asynchrony
temporal complexity
past in the present
Morality
counter modernity
capitalism
	Abstract not available - from the article's intro:  The present essay seeks to rethink this assumption about the relationship between technology and human actors in the creation of modern social and political worlds by uncovering some of the dissonant, heterogeneous ways individuals employed and remade time in the United States in the mid nineteenth century. Charles Sellers points to the changing significance of time for Americans in this period when he describes a ‘‘new calculus ’’ taking hold in which ‘‘countable time-units of alienated labor’’ could be exchanged for ‘‘countable money-units of capital...However, as the two quotations serving as epigraphs to this essay suggest, many of America’s social and political thinkers in this protean period embraced market-oriented temporality only by imbricating it upon other forms of temporal experience, refusing to relegate those other forms to ‘‘premodern’’ oblivion, and in the process infusing the time of the market with values extrinsic to the demands of capitalist money-making. While clock time was central to the way Americans experienced the market revolution, it was also subject to trenchant contestation and creative appropriation by individuals who sought to play active roles in shaping the norms and values of the social world emerging along with the market.... Catharine Beecher and Henry Thoreau are important exemplars of this phenomenon not because they represent all of the thinking about time, capitalism, and modernity in the period, but because they illustrate one important strand of such thinking: the effort to envision a modern world committed not to economic or technological rationalism but instead to moral perfectionism.

Allen, T. M. (2008). A Republic in Time: Temporality and Social Imagination in Nineteenth-Century America. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Press.USA
national time
history
Temporal vs spatial communities
imagined futures
perception of time
experiential time
democracy
nationalism
historical time
deep time
Chronology
clock time
technology
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
imagined futures
Shared future
changing perceptions of time
time reckoning
	The development of the American nation has typically been interpreted in terms of its expansion through space, specifically its growth westward. In this innovative study, Thomas Allen posits time, not space, as the most significant territory of the young nation. He argues that beginning in the nineteenth century, the actual geography of the nation became less important, as Americans imagined the future as their true national territory. Allen explores how transformations in the perception of time shaped American conceptions of democratic society and modern nationhood. He focuses on three ways of imagining time: the romantic historical time that prevailed at the outset of the nineteenth century, the geological "deep time" that arose as widely read scientific works displaced biblical chronology with a new scale of millions of years of natural history, and the technology-driven "clock time" that became central to American culture by century's end. Allen analyzes cultural artifacts ranging from clocks and scientific treatises to paintings and literary narratives to show how Americans made use of these diverse ideas about time to create competing visions of American nationhood.

Allenmand, E. (1975). "Quelques Aspects De La Theorie De La Conscience Selon Royce En Relation Avec Sa Philosophie Sociale." Revue Philosophique de Louvain 73: 34-55.Josiah Royce
Religion
Relevance: 2
Philosophy
phenomenology
Pragmatism
christianity
perception of time
	Josiah Royce admitted that he had been preoccupied with the problem of the community during his entire philosophical career. the question, therefore, of the development of the social consciousness is central to royce's thought. the present article is an attempt at a kind of phenomenology of the growth of the social consciousness in the works where he explicitly treats of the subject. these consist in a number of significant articles of his early career, in his last work "the problem of christianity" and in an article written for the "encyclopedia of religion and ethics". the early articles develop the emergence of the social consciousness in dialectical relationship with individual consciousness. "the problem of christianity" completes the treatment by an analysis of time consciousness and the notion of interpretation, as foundations of the community.

Alonso, A. M. (1994). "The Politics of Space, Time and Substance: State Formation, Nationalism and Ethnicity." Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 379-405.nationalism
politics
Anthropology
ethnicity
political time
Relevance: 2
conceptions of time
time as symbolic resource
Assumptions about time obscuring x
	Not available - from intro: What is the relationship between common sense categories of experience and the analytical concepts developed in order to understand the processes that produce such categories and effect their take-for-grantedness? This question is crucial for those working on nationalism, ethnicity, and state formation. Much of the misplaced concreteness that bedevils this scholarship results from an uncritical reproduction of common sesnse that poses intellectual as well as political problems

Alwin, D. F. (1995). Taking time seriously: Studying social change, social structure, and human lives. Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human development. P. Moen, G. H. Elder, Jr. and K. Lüscher. Washington, DC, American Psychological Association.Psychology
Method: dynamic rather than static
social Change
methodology
historical time
life course
Relevance: 2
social structure
time as missing element
Sociology
	in the spirit of C. Mills's [1959] "dynamic" perspective on the link between individual personalities and social structure [the author discusses] several issues that come up in the consideration of the study of human lives, which are also relevant to the study of the relation between society and the individual, or what sociologists refer to as social structure and personality / [discusses] the problems with the way in which the relationship between personality and social structure is often conceptualized / [considers] some advantages of conceptualizing this relationship in dynamic rather than static terms, and in doing so, [the author argues] that changes in both biographical and historical time must be specified in our conceptualization of factors that influence human development, if the link between the person and society is to be understood propose an approach to studying 1 aspect of the link between person and society through the specification of trajectories of molar stability across the life span / although the application of this framework to preadult development is of crucial importance, [the author's] eventual focus in this chapter is on issues of continuity and stability of individual differences in adult development

Aminzade, R. (1992). "Historical Sociology and Time." Sociological Methods & Research 20(4): 456-480.sociology
Method: dynamic rather than static
methodology
narrative
History
Chronology
Events
Multiple temporalities
action
Relevance: 2
critique of discipline
time as missing element
Duration
pace
trajectories
cyclical time
	Historical sociologists have criticized their discipline for a tendency to ignore the temporal dimensions of social life, either by studying the correlates of outcomes rather than the character of temporally connected events or by treating events as surface manifestations of large-scale and long-term processes of change. These critiques have led to a reassessment of the value of narratives and to new methods for mapping historical sequences of events. Yet there has been relatively little discussion of the concepts needed to create a more event-centered historical sociology. This article explores the way in which four different concepts of time-duration, pace, trajectory, and cycle-have been used in recent historical social science. These concepts allow one to analyze the temporal characteristics of connected events that constitute long-term historical processes as well as the way in which actors understand and experience the temporal flow of events. They are most useful, the author argues when employed in a manner that is attentive to the understandings of social actors and the problematic reconstruction of the past. These concepts constitute building blocks for the construction of a more event-centered historical sociology.

Ang, I. (2001). "Intertwining Histories: Heritage and Diversity " Australian Humanities Review 24: not paginated.history
Australia
the Netherlands
Europe
Indonesia
Asia
europe
Multiple heritages
Heritage
Difference
Relevance: 2
cultural studies
Heritage sites
Shared future
cultural diversity
archives
Method: archives
	Not available - from the article: Heritage is more than simply the things we preserve from the past, whether these be old buildings, historic sites or the stories about the past which we wish to document and conserve for posterity. While this is the most common empirical definition of heritage, the significance of what we consider our heritage is much more profound than what we can find in local history museums, through oral histories and the like, as important and valuable as these are. It is also much more than the business of the so-called heritage industry, which generally thrives on a rather superficial and sentimental exploitation of nostalgia. The meaning of heritage is profoundly symbolic: how and what we value in the past says something about how we see ourselves as a community today and how we project ourselves into the future. Here, I wish to hold on to this broader, more ethical and visionary conception of heritage – one that can help us to come to terms with the complex legacies of this nation's brief but increasingly contested history. 

Ansell, N., L. van Blerk, et al. (2011). "Spaces, times, and critical moments: a relational time - space analysis of the impacts of AIDS on rural youth in Malawi and Lesotho." Environment and Planning A 43(3): 525-544.time and space
Malawi
Africa
health care
Human Geography
Turning points
Rural communities
Method: qualitative
death & dying
life course
expectation
Relevance: 2
Geography
children/youth
families
	Southern Africa's AIDS epidemic is profoundly spatially and temporally structured; so too are the lives of the young people whose families it blights. In this paper we draw on qualitative research with AIDS-affected young people in Malawi and Lesotho, and recent work theorising time-space in human geography, to examine how time - spaces of AIDS-related sickness and death intersect with the time-spaces of young people and, importantly, those of their relations with others to produce differentiated outcomes for young people. We also explore the time-spaces of those outcomes and of young people's responses to them. We conclude that a relational time-space analysis of the impacts of AIDS on young people helps explain the diversity of those young people's experiences and allows AIDS to be contextualised more adequately in relation to everyday life and young people's wider lifecourses and their relationships with others. Moreover, the research points to the significance of the time-space structuring of society in shaping the outcomes of familial sickness and death for young people.

Appadurai, A. (1981). "The Past as a Scarce Resource." Man 16(2): 201-219.Anthropology
Myth
methodology
India
Asia
social change
Past in the present
Relevance: 2
time as symbolic resource
Agency
cultural variants of time
normativity
Unpredictibility
Western imperialism
Malinowski
Durkheim
	The assumption that the past is an infinite and plastic symbolic resource, wholly susceptible to contemporary purposes, is widespread in contemporary anthropology. It is partly rooted in Malinowski's conception of myth as social charter and partly in Durkheim's formulation concerning the cross-cultural relativity of fundamental categories of human thought. This article is a critique of this assumption, and suggests the existence of culturally variable sets of norms whose function is to regulate the inherent debatability of the past. Such norms, which vary substantively from culture to culture, are nevertheless from a formal point of view subject to certain universal constraints. An example from south India is the basis for this argument, which also has implications for the theoretical analysis of social change.

Athanasiou, A. (2006). "Bloodlines: Performing the Body of the “Demos,” Reckoning the Time of the “Ethnos”." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 24: 229–256.nationalism
Greece
Europe
embodiment
generations
Biopolitics
nostalgia
futurity
normativity
Reproductive time
life course
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
politics
time as symbolic resource
families
time as tool for managing percieved threats
rhetoric
political community
	Organized around fantasies of endangered national sovereignty, discourses of population decline bespeak a highly politicized cultural anxiety that has come to haunt individual and collective imaginaries in the public life of Greece in the 1990s. The rhetoric of biopolitics about the precarious future presents the nation as a bleeding body and an object of mournful nostalgia and affective idealization. Prompted through normative renderings of time and life, anxiety over population decrease emerges as an idiom of gendered  subjectivity, a technology of governmentality, and symbolic capital of national narratives. Despite its volatility, this “truth regime,” in a Foucauldian sense, is crucially implicated in the constitution of intimate subjectivities according to the cultural intelligibility of reproductive heterosexuality, familial generationality, and national continuity; it represents, however, a code of intelligibility that is not invariably shared and is widely contested. Since the national-cultural preoccupation with the future has taken on a marked salience as a politics of the present, “time” has emerged as a flexible signifying practice, a strategic force that social actors work as much with as against, while dealing with the spectral limits of the lived temporality of the nation and their own.

Attwood, B. (1996). "The Past as Future: Aborigines, Australia and the (dis)course of History." Australian Humanities Review 1(April): not paginated.coevalness
indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
Australia
Anthropology
temporal distancing
history
methodology
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
past in the future
	not available

Auyero, J. and D. Swistun (2009). "Tiresias in Flammable Shantytown: Toward a Tempography of Domination." Sociological Forum 24(1): 1-21.Argentina
environment
method: ethnography
power
anthropology
poverty
relevance: 2
inclusion/exclusion
time as symbolic resource
perception of time
the past
The future
time as missing element
sociology
	Based on 30 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Flammable shantytown, a highly contaminated poor barrio in Argentina, this article examines the links between environmental suffering, social domination, and collective perceptions of time. We show that the ways residents think and feel about (and cope with) pollution are deeply entangled with their perceptions of the past and of the future. We thus argue that an ethnographic account of the lived experiences of contamination should also be a tempography, that is, a thick description of the vernacular sociotemporal order.

Avital, M. (2000). "Dealing with Time in Social Inquiry: A Tension between Method and Lived Experience." Organization Science 11(6): 665-673.social theory
organisational temporalities
methodology
Method: Interviews
Temporality of academic work
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
epistemology
	In a series of interviews, organizational researchers acknowledged the key role of time in social inquiry, and their tendency to exclude it in practice. The discrepancy between what researchers think about the incorporation of temporal factors in their research and what they actually do was explained by various pragmatic, methodological, and normative grounds, but they were not aware of other epistemological and ontological barriers related to their choice. The interviews also drew attention to a paradox that stemmed from an experience of ongoing tension between the methodologically prescribed sense of time and the experientially lived impression of time. Further analysis suggests that incorporation of time factors may significantly improve social process research. The study demonstrates that temporal elements do not merely change one's perception of a situation, but also provide a space for a richer and more meaningful interpretation by enabling an improved association of a particular event with one's personal frame of reference and lived experience. In addition, the study suggests that an awareness of the various approaches to time and the application of a consistent ontological framework to the analysis of social phenomena are likely to increase the coherence and congruity of the analysis. No particular perception of time is prescribed here. The emphasis is on self-awareness of the implications of temporalities on social phenomena and on ontological consistency in our research.

Baert, P. (1992). "Time, Reflectivity and Social Action." International Sociology 7(3): 317-327.action
sociology
unpredictibility
methodology
Method: dynamic rather than static
functionalism
Structuralism
Method: ethnography
G.H. Mead
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
Short-term perspectives
long-term perspectives
critique of discipline
	The object of this article is to present the outline of a temporalised sociology, emphasising novelty and diachrony, and linking the shorter and longer temporal spans. This temporalised sociology draws upon a critical reassessment of four theoretical traditions: positivism, functionalism, structuralism and ethnomethodology. These four traditions fail to take temporality into account, but more fruitful ideas are borrowed from them. A more important source is G.H. Mead's work.

Bailey, G. N. (2007). "Time perspectives, palimpsests and the archaeology of time." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26(2): 198-223.Archaeology
Anthropology
methodology
Materiality
Multiple temporalities
time perspective
Perception of time
action
Critical temporalities
relevance: 2
experiential time
critique of discipline
	This paper explores the meaning of time perspectivism, its relationship to other theories of time used in archaeological interpretation, and the ways in which it can be implemented through an analysis of the palimpsest nature of the material world we inhabit. Palimpsests are shown to be a universal phenomenon of the material world, and to form a series of overlapping categories, which vary according to their geographical scale, temporal resolution and completeness of preservation. Archaeological examples are used to show how different types of palimpsest can be analyzed to address different sorts of questions about the time dimension of human experience, and the relationship between different types of processes and different scales of phenomena. Objections to the apparently deterministic and asocial character of time perspectivism, and its apparent neglect of subjective experience and individual action and perception, are dealt with. The line of thinking developed here is used, in its turn, to critique other approaches to the archaeology of time, and conventional understandings of the relationship between past, present and future.

Baker, P. L. (1993). "Space, Time, Space-Time and Society." Sociological Inquiry 63(4): 406-424.sociology
Anthropology
non-linear time
methodology
Relevance: 2
Multiple temporalities
Carribean
time and space
Relativity Theory
time as symbolic resource
History
	This paper discusses the concept spacetime in the context of some traditional notions of space and time in sociological and anthropological literature. The paper argues that the concept of spacetime, together with other post-Newtonian insights, can provide a useful metaphor with which to interpret societal phenomena. The paper concludes by illustrating the argument with a brief review of the ethnohistory of a Caribbean territory.

Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). Forms of time and of the chronotope in the novel. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. M. Holquist. Austin and London, University of Texas Press: 84-258.chronotopes
literary theory
literature
social time
Bakhtin
social time
Relevance: 2
Aesthetics
history
	From the back of the book: These essays reveal Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975)—known in the West largely through his studies of Rabelais and Dostoevsky—as a philosopher of language, a cultural historian, and a major theoretician of the novel. The Dialogic Imagination presents, in superb English translation, four selections from Voprosy literatury i estetiki (Problems of literature and aesthetics), published in Moscow in 1975. The volume also contains a lengthy introduction to Bakhtin and his thought and a glossary of terminology.

Bakhtin uses the category "novel" in a highly idiosyncratic way, claiming for it vastly larger territory than has been traditionally accepted. For him, the novel is not so much a genre as it is a force, "novelness," which he discusses in "From the Prehistory of Novelistic Discourse." Two essays, "Epic and Novel" and "Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel," deal with literary history in Bakhtin's own unorthodox way. In the final essay, he discusses literature and language in general, which he sees as stratified, constantly changing systems of subgenres, dialects, and fragmented "languages" in battle with one another. 

Ballard, D. I. and D. R. Seibold (2004). "Organizational Members’ Communication and Temporal Experience." Communication Research 31(2): 135-172.Communication
organisational temporalities
communities of practice
multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
method: questionnaires
pace
punctuality
Scheduling
Break in time
temporal boundaries
future orientation
time scarcity
Asynchrony
labour time
	This article reports the findings of scale development and validation efforts centered on 10 dimensions of organizational members’ temporal experience identified in previous research. Consistent with a community-of-practice perspective, 395 members of five organizational units indicated their agreement with a series of statements regarding the day-to-day words and phrases they use to describe their activities, work-related events, and general timing needs. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the hypothesized enactments of time and construals of time. Organizational members’ enactments of time included dimensions relating to flexibility, linearity, pace, precision, scheduling, and separation, and their construals of time included dimensions concerning scarcity, urgency, present time perspective, and future time perspective. A new dimension, delay, was found. Implications for pluritemporalism in organizations and the study of time in communication are discussed.

Barreau, H. (2000). "The Natural and Cultural Invariants of the Representation of Time in Face of Globalization." Time & Society 9(2-3): 303-317.Globalisation
Anthropology
in/commensurability between times
sociology
changing perceptions of time
cultural variants of time
Chronobiology
biorhythms
biology
life course
Clocks
Simultaneity
narrative
Scheduling
Relevance: 2
Methodology
calendars
time reckoning
	Current attempts to globalize the economy and politics of our inhabited world should not be considered as an aggressive challenge to any particular cultural tradition. Anthropologists and sociologists of the 20th century have been inclined to exaggerate a supposed incompatibility between the representations and perceptions of time which are characteristic of traditional cultures and the present globalization of human society, globalization that is indeed a by-product of the scientific rationality which has spread throughout the West. For, despite undeniable differences, the contents of all human cultures, with regard to the representation of time, are characterized by elements which are derived from three natural invariants (biorhythms, ages of life and learning) and seven cultural invariants (simultaneity, temporal language, conduct of narrative, myth of time, calendars, natural clocks, artificial clocks).

Bauerkemper, J. (2007). "Narrating Nationhood: Indian Time and Ideologies of Progress." Studies in American Indian Literatures 19(4): 27-53.Native American
indigenous peoples
Literature
literary theory
non-linear time
critical temporalities
nationalism
identity
chronology
Politics
narrative
history
Relevance: 2
national time
progress
USA
cultural variants of time
time as missing element
social time
politics of time
linear time
inclusion/exclusion
	not available - from intro: During a recent visit to the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library in New Haven, Connecticut, I spent considerable time sifting through the facility's substantial collection of Laguna Pueblo author Leslie Marmon Silko's personal papers. Amid the bounty of telling news clippings, drafts, and ephemera, I came across a pale blue scrap of paper with two notes scribbled on it. One is a reminder about the ferry schedule from Ketchikan, Alaska, and the other reads "last word of the novel—sunrise." It seems that as she was planning the mundane details of transportation, Silko was struck with the revelation that she must have the narrative structure of her novel Ceremony come full circle to end just as it begins, with the word "sunrise." The appearance of this simple-yet-evocative note returned my attention to considering the significance of Ceremony's pervasive penchant for nonlinearity. While I am certainly neither the first reader to notice this tendency nor the first scholar to write about it, the emphasis on nonlinearity in Ceremony—as well as in other native-authored texts—deserves further consideration.  This essay, then, emerges out of a very basic question: what is the significance of the nonlinear histories and chronologies that frequently underlie American Indian literary texts? Many scholars have observed these nonlinear patterns, yet beyond underscoring their presence as markers of cultural-groundedness, the exploration of the social and political significance of nonlinear histories and chronologies in American Indian literatures remains neglected.1 My primary assertion is that nonlinear understandings of history are key elements of the narrations of indigenous nationhood found in American Indian literary texts. In accord with the many critics who in recent years have given particular attention to the ways in which native fiction narrates indigenous nationhood, this essay proceeds as an exploration of the narrative structures and detailed representations of history and time in Ceremony and in Creek/Cherokee writer Craig Womack's novel Drowning in Fire. I argue that the nonlinear characteristics of these novels are crucial to their narrations of indigenous nationhood. Through readings of Silko's Ceremony and Womack's Drowning in Fire, this essay illuminates how American Indian literatures articulate concepts of indigenous nationhood that fundamentally depart from modern state-nationalism and the underpinning ideologies of progressive, linear history. Through their narrations of nonsequential histories and chronologies, these novels narrate the nonlinear and place-based character of indigenous nationhood.2 As this essay begins to explore, it is this nonlinear disposition that distinguishes literary indigenous nationhood from many of the coercive, destructive, exclusionist, and violent tendencies mandated by the terminal investments in linearity made by modern nation-states. 

Bell, N. J., C. Schoenrock, et al. (1981). "Change over time in the community: findings of a longitudinal study." Monographs of the American Association on Mental Deficiency 4: 195-206.Method: longitudinal analysis
health care
mental health
change over time
sociology
Relevance: 2
inclusion/exclusion
time spent with community
re-entry into community
	The findings of this study indicated that: a) the aspects of community functioning included in this study were relatively stable over a two-year period; b) when change did occur, it tended to be toward the end of the two-year period; c) ability level (basic skills) was related to community functioning more consistently than age, gender, or the environmental variables included in these analyses; d) relationships with ability were more frequent following approximately 10 months in the community than prior to that time; and e) there is a possibility that the time period around 10 months after entry into the community is a particularly difficult time and warrants further investigation.

Bender, J. and D. E. Wellbery, Eds. (1991). Chronotypes: the construction of time. Stanford, Stanford University Press.time as symbolic resource
conceptions of time
social time
time as all encompassing
Methodology
narrative
physical time
creativity
time reckoning
law
critical temporalities
politics of time
Rhetoric
temporal ordering
cultural diversity
coevalness
Anthropology
Philosophy
Sociology
linguistics
Relevance: 2
	Time belongs to a handful of categories (like form, symbol, cause) that are genuinely transdisciplinary. Time touches every dimension of our being, every object of our attention--including attention itself. It therefore can belong to no single field of study. Of course, this universalist view of time is not itself universal but rather is a product of the modern age, an age that conceived of itself as the "new" time. Time has thus gained new importance as a theme of general research with the "postmodern turn" now manifest in many areas of intellectual endeavor, especially in the humanities and social sciences.

Ben-Peretz, M. and R. Bromme, Eds. (1990). The Nature of Time in Schools: Theoretical Concepts, Practitioner Perceptions. New York, Teachers College, Columbia University.education
organisational temporalities
perception of time
temporal complexity
time management
Review article
cultural variants of time
life course
Relevance: 2
	What are teachers' perceptions of time? How do they cope with the complex tasks of managing time? How is time experienced differently in various subject matters? These questions and others are addressed in this book. The editors bring an international perspective to the collection, as do the contributors, who include David C. Berliner, Sally Brown, F. Michael Connelly, John Olson, and Thomas A. Romberg. The 13 chapters, grouped into four parts, represent varied approaches and methods of study: theoretical contributions, case studies, and quantitative investigations. Part I provides a state-of-art review of research about time in schooling, followed by a discussion of recent conceptual developments. Part II presents studies of teacher's perceptions of time in different cultures. Part III deals with the concept of time in teaching various subject-matter areas. Part IV looks at time in transition contexts - from student teacher to teacher and from teacher to principal. Throughout the book, time is examined from the perspective of practitioners, yielding important insight into teaching-learning situations in classrooms. Of special interest to researchers in education, this edited collection will also be a useful resource for courses in teacher education, educational psychology, and educational administration, as well as for inservice workshops for teachers. 

Bergadaà, M. (2007). "Temporal Frameworks and Individual Cultural Activities: Four typical profiles " Time & Society 16(2-3): 387-407.Synchronicity
The present
Duration
Multiple temporalities
social time
action
Relevance: 2
methodology
Sociology
consumerism
Museums
permanence
	The following article presents temporal frameworks articulated around two axes: synchrony/diachrony and instant/ duration. A framework is elaborated based on an analysis of how cultural activities bearing social and historical meaning fit into temporal frameworks on the individual level of consumers, or cultural actors. The argument identifies four types of time frames supporting individual action: 'permanent present' frame, 'modern time' frame, `fragmented time' frame and `in rhythm time' frame. Two studies, conducted on the topic of cultural activities involving theatre and museums, have been used to illustrate the conceptual model. They exemplify the relationship between the individual's temporal framework, his or her attitude with regard to culture and the type of cultural action he or she develops.

Bergmann, W. (1992). "The Problem of Time in Sociology." Time & Society 1(1): 81-134.Sociology
psychology
Review article
social time
experiential time
Scheduling
time discipline
organisational temporalities
social change
methodology
Relevance: 2
Review article
time perspective
orientation within time
temporal ordering
Social structure
scheduling
time reckoning
social change
Methodology
time as missing element
Durkheim
Schutz
G.H. Mead
history of changing perceptions of time
Anthropology
families
	This survey of sociological and psychological literature deals with the problem of time, covering major areas of sociology and related disciplines (economics, cultural anthropology, psychology and history). As a preface, contributions by the classical writers on the sociology of time are discussed briefly - Durkheim, Schutz, Sorokin and Merton, G.H. Mead. Six themes in the contemporary sociology of time (up to 1982) are examined: (1) time perspective and time orientation; (2) temporal ordering and social structure: time reckoning and the social construction of time schedules; (3) the time structure of specific social systems and professions: the economy, the legal system, the family, and formal organizations; (4) the evolution of social consciousness of time; (5) social change and time; and (6) the concern with time in social theory and methodology. It is shown that sociology has much to learn from its neighbouring disciplines, that no thorough sociological treatment of time has yet been done and, above all, that there is a lack of empirical studies that are adequately grounded in theory.

Bernasconi, R. (1993). "On Deconstructing Nostalgia for Community within the West: The Debate between Nancy and Blanchot." Research in Phenomenology 23: 3–21.Philosophy
Continental Philosophy
nostalgia
non-homogeneous community
inclusion/exclusion
race
Relevance: 2
political community
politics
homogenising present
imagined futures
imagined pasts
Difference
western imperialism
Jean-Luc Nancy
	Not available - from the text: The basic thrust of Nancy's discussion of community could not be clearer nor, in terms of the philosophical framework within which he operates, more compelling. According to him, what dominates the concept of community, what constitutes its appeal, is nostalgia...Nancy describes the political form of this nostalgia as totalitarianism, although it should always be remembered that, on his analy sis, the label serves equally well for those societies that describe themselves as democratic as those that do not... Furthermore, the history of the political is found to harmonize with the history of metaphysics. The concept of community is dominated by what might be called in another context "the desire for presence" but is here captured by the phrase "an absolute immanence of man to man" (CD, 14; IC, 2). For Nancy, the fact that the retrospective consciousness of the lost community is constitutive of the West "from its very beginnings" is of itself sufficient grounds for suspicion of the concept of community: "at every moment in its history, the Occident has given itself over to the nostalgia for a more archaic community that has disappeared, and to deploring a loss of familiarity, fraternity and conviviality" (CD, 31; IC, 10). The deconstruction of community begins with the acknowledgment that community aims at an impossible immanence. Were, per impossible, this immanence ever attained, it would result not in the accomplishment of community, but its suppression (CD, 35-36; IC, 12). There never were com- munities of the kind whose loss is mourned by those who conceive of commu- nity as a work to be produced from out of the space of the loss of community. "Loss" is not an accident that has befallen community; "loss" is constitutive of community (CD, 35; IC, 12). Deconstruction points, therefore, to the formal concept of "a community without community" (CD, 177; IC, 71) in the sense of "a community without communion" (LD, 580; IC, 144). However, this is only a beginning. The attempt to give content to this phrase preoccupies Nancy throughout his subsequent essays on community. Nancy, therefore, is not content simply to criticize a certain concept of community. A deconstructed concept of community allegedly emerges from out of the metaphysical conception of community. In the second part of the paper I will chart the course of Nancy's discussion of community, paying particular attention to the sources on which he draws in order to flesh out the notion of a community without communion. Such a study will prove useful when it comes to clarifying the debate about community between Nancy and Blanchot, a task that will occupy the third and longest part of this essay. Their debate helps clarify an aspect of Nancy's thought that might not otherwise be so clear: his refusal of radical alterity, his refusal of the Other. In the fourth section of the essay I shall suggest that, given deconstruction's tendency to remain content with highly problematic concepts of the West and of Western philosophy, inherited without sufficient questioning from Heidegger, this refusal of the Other threatens in certain contexts to transform the idea of a community without communion into a community without remainder. The suspicion is fuelled by an occasional but highly revealing essay addressed to the Chicanos, as well as by the tenor of various scattered references to "the West." The fifth section suggests in conclusion that this is one of the points where deconstruction's questions recoil sharply on itself.

Bevernage, B. and K. Aerts (2009). "Haunting pasts: time and historicity as constructed by the Argentine Madres de Plaza de Mayo and radical Flemish nationalists." Social History 34(4): 391-408.Argentina
Latin America
Europe
historical time
Past in the present
nationalism
Death & dying
Counter traditions
history
Psychoanalysis
critical temporalities
Ritual
Anthropology
relevance: 2
the past
Mourning
imagined pasts
time as missing element
temporal distancing
coevalness
	Not available - from intro:  To obtain a clear insight into the construction of these conflicting regimes of historicity, with their irreversible or irrevocable notions of time, we will focus on rituals of mourning and commemorations of the dead, because more than any other lieux de me´moire, the dead are directly related to our experience, imagination and evaluation of past and present. For the Flemish movement which developed and radicalized during and after the two world wars, this focus is certainly not far-fetched. From its very beginning, Flemish nationalism developed on graveyards and commemoration sites, often guided by prominent figures with a great sense for the posthumous. Its history is permeated with desecrated, disturbed and opened graves. For the movement of the Madres, in contrast, this focus on the dead is far less self-evident, because it is an important characteristic of the ‘disappearance’ as a typical Latin American technique of terror that no bodies are found or handed over. The disappearances typically took place without any official arrests or trials, and the bodies were burned, dropped into the sea from planes, or secretly buried in anonymous mass graves. In the case of the Madres, it will consequently not be the dead themselves but, rather, their (incomplete) absence that grants us an insight into the alternative regime of historicity. The past’s stubborn refusal to close and the often lugubrious fondness for graves, human remains or ghostlike figures can, from a Freudian perspective, seem to be the result of a failed process of mourning. But this ritual staging of the dead from our (meta-historical) perspective – and this is our second core thesis – should be seen as politically highly instrumental and efficacious instead of being a psychopathology. With this article, we desire to contribute to the study of alternative conceptions of the past that have all too often been neglected or simply discarded as irrational. From our ‘anthropological’ perspective, we want to reveal ritual aspects in relation to the past that are often believed still to exist exclusively in so-called primitive cultures.

Bhabha, H. (1990). DissemiNation: Time, Narrative, and the Margins of the Modern Nation. Nation and Narration, Routledge: 291-322.nationalism
narrative
Diaspora
migration
non-homogeneous community
Multiple heritages
non-linear time
literary theory
relevance: 2
Borders
origin stories
Bhabha
History
	not avilable - from the book cover: Bhabha, in his preface, writes 'Nations, like narratives, lose their origins in the myths of time and only fully encounter their horizons in the mind's eye'. From this seemingly impossibly metaphorical beginning, this volume confronts the realities of the concept of nationhood as it is lived and the profound ambivalence of language as it is written. From Gillian Beer's reading of Virginia Woolf, Rachel Bowlby's cultural history of Uncle Tom's Cabin and Francis Mulhern's study of Leaviste's 'English ethics'; to Doris Sommer's study of the 'magical realism' of Latin American fiction and Sneja Gunew's analysis of Australian writing, Nation and Narration is a celebration of the fact that English is no longer an English national consciousness, which is not nationalist, but is the only thing that will give us an international dimension. 

Bhandar, B. (2007). 'Spatialising History' and Opening Time: Resisting the Reproduction of the Proper Subject. Law and the Politics of Reconciliation. S. Veitch. Aldershot, Ashgate: 93-110.history
law
non-linear time
Critical temporalities
Multiple temporalities
Colonialism
identity
narrative
time and space
forgiveness
Relevance: 2
	not available

Bhavnani, K.-K. and J. Foran (2008). "Feminist futures: From dystopia to eutopia?" Futures 40(4): 319-328.feminism
Development
community development
globalisation
poverty
women
gender
imagined futures
Utopia
social justice
future studies
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
social change
activism
feminist theory
the future
Mexico
Brazil
India
Israel
Middle East
Latin America
future studies
Senegal
Africa
Asia
Latin America
	This essay evaluates the present and future state of world development from the perspective of Third World women, finding that globalization, alongside US foreign policy, is leading to a future of increased poverty, environmental damage, and conditions where peace and human security are not served. Yet, powerful new ways of organizing for change have been created by the actions and visions of the Zapatista communities of Chiapas, the rubber-tappers in the Amazon rainforest, the Self-Employed Women's Association in India, the movement against female genital mutilation in Senegal, and the Israeli peace activists of Women in Black. Their emphasis on principles of social justice and the love of life they embody offer a vision of a possible future eutopia--a better, not a perfect, society--that is within reach if enough people take them up and shape them further. Using the new paradigm of "women, culture, and development", and the practices of future studies we analyze the ways in which women in a variety of settings are moving against the current of a dystopic future and are realizing visions of a more life-affirming form of development.

Bindé, J. (2000). "Toward an Ethics of the Future." Public Culture 12(1): 51-72 ethics
Short-term perspectives
Communication
present
Absence of future
time as horizon
future generations
generations
Communities in crisis
Climate change
environment
ecological citizenship
Relevance: 2
communication
Acceleration of time
finance
Democratic present
social time
temporally extended responsibilities
	Modern societies suffer from a distorted relationship to time. It is as if the short term were the impassable horizon, whether it be the activities of the stock exchange, the date of the next elections, or the influence of the media. From communication to finance, transactions are now conducted at the speed of light. Real time, the absolute zero of temporal distance, is both a sign and an element of an exclusive preoccupation with the present. From the short term to what is immediate, from a restricted horizon to the absence of any horizon, such is the time scale which has underlain the closing years of the twentieth century. Our relation to time has enormous economic, social, political, and ecological consequences. All over the world, the citizens of today are claiming rights over the citizens of tomorrow, threatening their well-being and at times their lives, and we are beginning to realize that we are jeopardizing the exercise by future generations of their human rights. Without proper attention, future generations are in danger of becoming the prisoners of unmanageable changes such as population growth, degradation of the global environment, growing inequalities between North and South and within societies, rampant social and urban apartheid, threats to democracy, and mafia control.

Birth, K. (1999). "Any Time is Trinidad Time": Social Meanings and Temporal Consciousness. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.perception of time
Trinidad
Carribean
experiential time
inclusion/exclusion
Temporal conflict
Synchronicity
Anthropology
Relevance: 2
coordinating between different times
Social coordination
Multiple temporalities
Meaning
	In a description of how people use models of time in their daily lives, this text explores cultural ideas of time in rural Trinidad and the feelings of co-operation and conflict that result from using different models of time. 

Birth, K. (2007). "Time and the Biological Consequences of Globalization." Current Anthropology 48(2): 215 - 236.biology
chronobiology
globalisation
Time/space compression
Capitalism
temporal conflict
social time
Multiple temporalities
Media
Scheduling
Biorhythms
Relevance: 2
asynchrony
Social coordination
coordinating between different times
embodiment
Anthropology
	Discussions of globalization and time-space compression have not acknowledged the implications of the relationship of time and place on a rotating globe where each locale has its own cycles of day and night. When these cycles are recognized, several contradictions in contemporary capitalism emerge, most notably temporal conflicts between locations on the globe, desynchronization of biological cycles, and lack of correspondence between those cycles and social life. These contradictions are increasingly being addressed but not resolved through the power of the media to determine the timing of social activity and pharmacological interventions to ameliorate the bodily suffering caused by desynchronization.

Birth, K. (2008). "The creation of coevalness and the danger of homochronism." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 14(1): 3-20.Johannes Fabian
Anthropology
methodology
Coevalness
temporal distancing
Multiple temporalities
Homogenising present
Relevance: 2
temporal conflict
social time
methodology
temporality of academic work
Becoming
conceptions of time
History
	Johannes Fabian’s Time and the Other criticized anthropology for creating representations that placed the Other outside the flow of time. Fabian offered the ethnographic portrayal of coevalness as a solution to this problem. This article explores four challenges to the representation of coevalness: the split temporalities of the ethnographer; the multiple temporalities of different histories; the culturally influenced phenomenological present; and the complicated relationship between culturally variable concepts of being and becoming and cultural concepts of time. Based on these challenges, this article argues that some attempts at ethnographic coevalness have fostered a temporal framework of homochronism which subsumes the Other into academic discourses of history. To achieve coevalness and to avoid homochronism and allochronism, it is necessary to represent the temporal frameworks that research subjects use to forge coevalness with ethnographers, and to place these frameworks in relationship to commonly used academic representations of time and history.

Bissell, D. and G. Fuller, Eds. (2011). Stillness in a mobile world. Abingdon, Routledge.Acceleration of time
Philosophy
timelessness
human Geography
Geography
cultural studies
media
Deleuze
Bergson
static time
political time
ethics
Relevance: 2
methodology
continuity over time
Asynchrony
passivity
Deceleration of time
Sociology
cultural studies
epistemology
	This edited collection of essays on the conceptual, political and philosophical importance of stillness is positioned within a world that has increasingly come to be understood through the theoretical and conceptual lens of movement. With contributions from leading scholars in the field, the diversity of this collection illuminates the multiplicity of ontological and epistemological registers through which stillness moves: from human geography to media studies, cultural theory to fine arts. With the help of luminaries such as Deleuze, Bergson, Barthes and Beckett, this book interweaves cutting-edge theoretical insight with empirical illustrations which examine and traverse a multitude of practices, spaces and events. In an era where stasis, slowness and passivity are often held to be detrimental, this collection puts forward a new set of political and ethical concerns which help us to come to terms with, understand and account for (im)mobile life. Stillness in a Mobile World in an essential source of reference for both undergraduate and post-graduate students working within disciplines such as cultural studies, sociology, mobility studies and human geography.

Bloch, M. (1977). "The Past and the Present in the Present." Man (N. S.) 12(2): 278-292.Anthropology
Past in the present
social change
Critical temporalities
ritual
Durkheim
Bloch
Structuralism
Relevance: 2
Social structure
Agency
conceptions of time
hierarchy
	This lecture starts by considering the old problem of how to account for social change theoretically and criticises some of the models used because, either they see the social pro- cess in terms used by the actors and so are unable to explain how it is that actors can change those terms, or they see the mechanisms of change as occurring in terms totally alien to the actors and so are unable to explain how these mechanisms can be transformed into meaningful action. The source of this problem is traced to Durkheim's notion that cognition is socially determined. By contrast it is argued that those concepts which are moulded to social structure are not typical of knowledge but only found in ritual discourse, while the concepts using non-ritual discourse are constrained by such factors as the requirements of human action on nature. This means that there are terms available to actors by which the social order can be criticised since not all terms are moulded by it. Finally it is suggested that such notions as social structure only refer to ritualized folk statements about society, statements expressed in ritual discourse precisely with those concepts which are given as demonstrations of the theory of the cultural relativity of cognition. The Durk- heimian correlation between society and cognition is merely a correlation of only certain ethical statements and certain aspects of cognition. This type of discourse is present in dif- ferent types of society in varying amounts according to the degree of instituted hierarchy that these societies manifest. Anthropological theories about the conceptualisation of time are given as an example of the general argument.

Bluedorn, A. C. and R. B. Denhardt (1988). "Time and Organizations." Journal of Management 14(2): 299-320.Organisational temporalities
Management
Multiple temporalities
methodology
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
planning
Review article
	The concept of time is introduced as a major topic for organizational and management research. Including a discussion of differing times and temporalities, macro level research and theory are described that relate time to such substantive areas as organizational culture, strategic planning, and organizational contingency theory. At the micro level, theory and research on time and individual differences, decision making, motivation, and group behavior are reviewed critically. Organizational and management topics of particular salience for future temporal research and management practice are identified. 

Boellstorff, T. (2007). "When Marriage Falls: Queer Coincidences in Straight Time." GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 13(2-3): 227-248.Queer temporalities
Queer theory
life course
Critical temporalities
social change
Activism
Multiple temporalities
time as tool for political legitimation
relevance: 2
families
inclusion/exclusion
Sexuality
conceptions of time
Subjectivity
modernity
asynchrony
	Not available - from the text: I proffer this essay to a specific audience — those, like myself, with a commitment to both “queer theory” in some sense of the term and a critique of marriage that draws on concerns with its politics of recognition (and disrecognition of the unmarried), the place of marriage in capitalist production, and the inequalities and violences so often found within marriage and so often linked to hierarchies of gender, race, and class. I pitch this essay in an exploratory register, resisting a framework that would equate “offering solutions” with the horizon of relevance and political efficacy. Proscription is not the same thing as critique. While I do suggest an alternative mode of conceptualizing time, this suggestion is an invitation to conversation and debate. I am interested in questions like the one posed by Geeta Patel: “How can we think subjectivity through other possible times, given that subjectivities in the ‘modern’ are inseparable from particular ways of narrating time?”

Bongmba, E. K. (2001). "Fabian and Levinas on Time and the Other: Ethical Implications." Philosophia Africana 4(1): 7-26.Johannes Fabian
Levinas
ethics
Social Change
Action
Relevance: 2
philosophy
inclusion/exclusion
Anthropology
Africa
Methodology
	not available - from intro: In this essay I review the positions of Johannes Fabian and Emmanuel Levinas on "Time and the Other," and argue that both offer possibilities for ethics. Their perspectives demand a new hearing in light of recent concerns in anthropology and African studies with ethical standards in research and a growing discontent with socio-political praxis in Africa. Starting with Fabian, I discuss their views on time and the Other, and offer implications for ethics in Africanist scholarship and social praxis in Africa.

Borić, D. (2003). "‘Deep time’ metaphor: Mnemonic and apotropaic practices at Lepenski Vir." Journal of Social Archaeology 3(1): 46-74.Archaeology
memory
materiality
philosophy
Relevance: 2
community archaeology
Heritage sites
Deep time
narrative
Monuments
time as symbolic resource
	How does ‘material memory’ work? Should monumental sites be considered as places of social memory par excellence or perhaps citational practices? With these questions in mind the concepts of citation, trace and repetition are singled out as elements of ‘material memory’. This article addresses evidence from the prehistoric site of Lepenski Vir in south-east Europe, and suggests that the concept of ‘deep time’ constituted the main structuring trope of the sequence. Over the long term, people adhered to physical traces of ‘deep time’, through re-figuring, displacement and circulation of material fragments, which maintained a collective (material) memory. The significance of apotropaism is suggested as a constitutive part of cultural practices and understood as a ‘technology of protection’ with ontological and epistemological relevance, such that it empowers individual agents to cope with various vicissitudes of life by an effective mobilization of ‘deep time’ residues. Examples of narrative sequences at Lepenski Vir are explored, which relate to specific individuals and life cycles of houses.

Borneman, J. (1993). "Time-Space Compression and the Continental Divide in German Subjectivity." The Oral History Review 21(2): 41-58.Time/space compression
Germany
History
Method: oral history
changing perceptions of time
events
perception of time
identity
national time
Relevance: 2
Acceleration of time
time and space
Subjectivity
Asynchrony
cultural variants of time
	Concepts of time and space orient the way we perceive and understand the world around us and are fundamental to a sense of self.  They also differ across cultures and over time.Thus a shift in either category is always experienced as alternately challenging and unnerving exhilarating and stressful disorienting and reorienting, in any case, as deeply troubling. The opening of the Wall in November 1989 precipitated a fundamental shift in the categories of time and space, for Berliners specifically for Germans more generally and even, one might say for the world. What follows is an analysis of the way in which the occasion of the opening as well as events in the year following it -primarily the currency reform and  elections-affected a reordering of temporal and spatial categories in both East and West Berlin. 

Boroditsky, L. and A. Gaby (2010). "Remembrances of Times East: Absolute Spatial Representations of Time in an Australian Aboriginal Community." Psychological Science 21(11): 1635-1639.psychology
Australia
indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
embodiment
social time
Relevance: 2
cultural variants of time
in/commensurability between times
	How do people think about time? Here we describe representations of time in Pormpuraaw, a remote Australian Aboriginal community. Pormpuraawans' representations of time differ strikingly from all others documented to date. Previously, people have been shown to represent time spatially from left to right or right to left, or from front to back or back to front. All of these representations are with respect to the body. Pormpuraawans instead arrange time according to cardinal directions: east to west. That is, time flows from left to right when one is facing south, from right to left when one is facing north, toward the body when one is facing east, and away from the body when one is facing west. These findings reveal a qualitatively different set of representations of time, with time organized in a coordinate frame that is independent from others reported previously. The results demonstrate that conceptions of even such fundamental domains as time can differ dramatically across cultures.

Bostyn, A.-M. and D. Wight (1997). Inside a community: Values associated with time and money. Unemployment: personal and social consequences. S. Finema. London, Routledge: 138-154.economics
labour time
waiting
Scotland
U.K.
europe
method: Interviews
Method: questionnaires
change over time
time use
life course
temporal ordering
time as resource
time as context
temporal boundaries
inclusion/exclusion
experiential time
Repetition
Relevance: 2
	not available from the text: This chapter concentrates on two themes arising from a study of an ex-coal-mining village in the central industrial belt of Scotland. We gathered the information over two years while living in a council flat in 'Cauldmoss', by participating in village life and conducting interviews and a questionnaire. 

Botz-Bornstein, T. (2007). "From community to time-space development: Comparing N. S. Trubetzkoy, Nishida Kitaro, and Watsuji Tetsuro." Asian Philosophy 17(3): 263-282.philosophy
Asian Philosphy
Continental Philosophy
evolution
nostalgia
Bergson
Deleuze
Russia
Darwin
Japan
Method: comparative analysis
nationalism
imagined pasts
Relevance: 2
time and space
Modernization
Development
	I introduce and compare Russian and Japanese notions of community and space. Some characteristic strains of thought that exist in both countries had similar points of departure, overcame similar problems and arrived at similar results. In general, in Japan and Russia, the nostalgia for the community has been strong because one felt that in society through modernization something of the particularity Of one's culture had been lost. As a consequence, both in Japan and in Russia allusions to the German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies' book Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft are frequent. In the end I associate the Japanese as well as the Russian ideas with neo-Darwinian versions of the theme of evolution as it has been developed by Henri Bergson, Gilles Deleuze, and Felix Guattari.

Bourdieu, P. (1990). Time Perspectives of the Kabyle. The Sociology of Time. J. Hassard. London, MacMillan: 219-237.social time
Anthropology
task oriented time
labour time
Relevance: 2
Sociology
changing perceptions of time
Bourdieu
	not available

Boyarin, J., Ed. (1994). Remapping memory: The politics of timespace. Minneapolis, Min, University of Minnesota Press.memory
politics
Anthropology
nationalism
Relevance: 2
politics of time
time and space
time as tool for political legitimation
Method: case study
conceptions of time
method: ethnography
collective memory
western imperialism
history
	The essays in this book focus on contested memories in relation to time and space. Within the context of several profound cultural and political conflicts in the contemporary world, the contributors analyze historical self-configurations of human groups, and the construction by these groups of the spaces they shape and that shape them. What emerges is a view of the state as a highly contingent artifact of groups vying for legitimacy-whether through their own sense of "insiderhood," their control of positions within hierarchies, or their control of geographical territories.

Boyarin's lead essay shows how the supposedly "objective" categories of space and time are, in fact, specific products of European modernity. Each case study, in turn, addresses the (re)constitution of space, time, and memory in relation to an event either of historical significance, like the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, or of cultural importance, like the Indian preoccupation with reincarnation. These ethnographic studies explore fundamental questions about the nature of memory, the limits of politics, and the complex links between them.

By focusing on personal and collective identity as the site where constructions of memory and dimensionality are tested, shaped, and effected, the authors offer a new way of understanding how the politics of space, time and memory are negotiated to bring people to terms with their history.

Contributors: Akhil Gupta, Stanford University;
Charles R. Hale, University of California, Davis; Carina Perelli, PEITHO, Montevideo, Uruguay;

Jennifer Schirmer, Center for European Studies, Harvard; Daniel A. Segal, Pitzer College, Claremont, California; Lisa Yoneyama, University of California, San Diego.

Boym, S. (2002). The Future of Nostalgia. New York, NY, Basic Books nostalgia
Memory
Philosophy
history
Collective memory
narrative
Migration
shared past
Russia
Germany
Europe
Benjamin
Art
cinema
Temporal conflict
historiography
Asynchrony
What might have been
Multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
communism
postcommunism
	What happens to Old World memories in a New World order? Svetlana Boym opens up a new avenue of inquiry: the study of nostalgia.. Combining personal memoir, philosophical essay, and historical analysis, Svetlana Boym explores the spaces of collective nostalgia that connect national biography and personal self-fashioning in the twenty-first century. She guides us through the ruins and construction sites of post-communist cities-St. Petersburg, Moscow, Berlin, and Prague-and the imagined homelands of exiles-Benjamin, Nabokov, Mandelstahm, and Brodsky. From Jurassic Park to the Totalitarian Sculpture Garden, Boym unravels the threads of this global epidemic of longing and its antidotes. 

Brace, C. and H. Geoghegan (2011). "Human geographies of climate change: Landscape, temporality, and lay knowledges." Progress in Human Geography 35 (3): 284-302.landscape
Knowledge
Critical temporalities
climate change
landscape
methodology
Multiple temporalities
Affect
Relevance: 2
environment
Geography
human Geography
Relationality
	In this paper we bring together work on landscape, temporality and lay knowledges to propose new ways of understanding climate change. A focus on the familiar landscapes of everyday life offers an opportunity to examine how climate change could be researched as a relational phenomenon, understood on a local level, with distinctive spatialities and temporalities. Climate change can be observed in relation to landscape but also felt, sensed, apprehended emotionally as part of the fabric of everyday life in which acceptance, denial, resignation and action co-exist as personal and social responses to the local manifestations of a global problem.

Braun, K. (2007). "Biopolitics and Temporality in Arendt and Foucault." Time & Society 16(1): 5-23.biopolitics
Arendt
Foucault
Philosophy
politics
natality
Messianic time
non-linear time
Relevance: 2
political community
critical temporalities
time as tool for political legitimation
processual
Break in time
	The article demonstrates that Hannah Arendt’s examination of modern temporality strongly intersects with Michel Foucault’s diagnosis of modern biopolitics. Both observe three key
features of biopolitical modernity: the political zoefication of life, a technocratic understanding of politics, and processual temporality which link the project of modernity to the project of 20th-century totalitarianism. Arendt, however, also offers an alternative, nonbiopolitical understanding of politics, life, and time captured in the concept of natality. Built into the concept of natality is the ‘weakly’ messianic temporal structure of the interval as opposed to processual temporality. 

Brookes, R. (1998). "Time, National Identity and Television Schedules in the `Postbroadcast Age'." Time & Society 7(2-3): 369-381.media
nationalism
Scheduling
Changing perceptions of time
Technology
globalisation
events
temporal flow
time and space
Relevance: 2
identity
Suspensions of everyday time
U.K.
	This research note proposes that the analysis of changing time structures relating to new media technologies and institutions could contribute to an understanding of the transformation, rather than the demise, of national identities at a time of increased globalization. It examines the role of extraordinary media events as well as everyday media use in the construction of national identities, and assesses the effects of changing broadcast schedules in the UK with special attention given to the issue of temporal `flow'. In so doing, the author seeks to identify the conceptual issues around which the time-space implications of the new media context can be explored.

Brose, H.-G. (2004). "An Introduction towards a Culture of Non-Simultaneity?" Time & Society 13(1): 5-26.Simultaneity
social time
time as horizon
duration
social change
globalisation
Asynchrony
Temporal ordering
linear time
Changing perceptions of time
Complexity theory
Contradictory present
temporal conflict
action
Relevance: 2
industrialisation
time as symbolic resource
Schutz
	There are three different concepts and analytical aspects of social time in contemporary western societies that are referred to in this article: (1) the different tempos of social processes and (2) the varying time horizons of ‘socially expected durations’ (Merton, 1986). It is argued that due to spatial, technological and socio-economic changes a third, more fundamental evolution of temporality is emerging: (3) an increasing simultaneity of events in our ‘world at reach’ (Schutz and Luckmann, 1983). The different tempos and time-scopes being causes and effects of this phenomenal simultaneity. An increase in simultaneity necessarily provokes an increase in non-simultaneity.‘Classical’ mechanisms of temporal ordering of non-simultaneous events are sequencing and linear processing. It is claimed, that these mechanisms, typical of industrial modernity, are complemented by efforts and exigencies of coping with complexity in a simultaneous mode. It is assumed that the abilities of actors and social systems of parallel and simultaneous processing are enhanced but after all remain limited. Therefore, a growing realm of non-simultaneity remains open to meaningful interpretation. This is what significance an emerging culture of nonsimultaneity has.

Brough, J. B. (2002). "Time and the one and the many." Philosophy Today 5(142-153).Husserl
experiential time
phenomenology
Continental Philosophy
Philosophy
Relevance: 2
experiential time
Relationality
intersubjectivity
	This focus on the consciousness of time, embracing both the time of which we are conscious and the consciousness of it, uncovers a rich and layered array of one/many relationships. Indeed, it is reasonable to claim that Husserl's phenomenology of temporality is precisely the investigation of the interplay of the one and the many within levels and among levels of time and time-consciousness. The aim of this essay is to examine several of the ways in which such interplays appear in the Bernauer Manuscripts.

Brown, W. (2001). Politics Out of History. Princeton and Oxford Princeton University Press.Philosophy
politics
Political philosophy
modernity
futurity
history
Critical temporalities
Benjamin
Past in the present
political theory
Postmodernism
Relevance: 2
Continental Philosophy
Derrida
feminism
progress
Assumptions about time obscuring x
time as tool for political legitimation
historical time
critical temporalities
Marxism
nietzsche
	What happens to left and liberal political orientations when faith in progress is broken, when both the sovereign individual and sovereign states seem tenuous, when desire seems as likely to seek punishment as freedom, when all political conviction is revealed as contingent and subjective? Politics Out of History is animated by the question of how we navigate the contemporary political landscape when the traditional compass points of modernity have all but disappeared. Wendy Brown diagnoses a range of contemporary political tendencies--from moralistic high-handedness to low-lying political despair in politics, from the difficulty of formulating political alternatives to reproaches against theory in intellectual life--as the consequence of this disorientation.Politics Out of History also presents a provocative argument for a new approach to thinking about history--one that forsakes the idea that history has a purpose and treats it instead as a way of illuminating openings in the present by, for example, identifying the haunting and constraining effects of past injustices unresolved. Brown also argues for a revitalized relationship between intellectual and political life, one that cultivates the autonomy of each while promoting their interlocutory potential. This book will be essential reading for all who find the trajectories of contemporary liberal democracies bewildering and are willing to engage readings of a range of thinkers--Freud, Marx, Nietzsche, Spinoza, Benjamin, Derrida--to rethink democratic possibility in our time.

Bryson, V. (2007). Gender and the Politics of Time. Feminist theory and contemporary debates. Bristol, Policy Press.gender
politics
feminist theory
political theory
Labour time
time scarcity
Temporal conflict
Policy
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
women's time
care work
temporal inequality
politics of time
	Issues around work-life balance are high on the political agenda, reflecting a general concern that 'time poverty' may be damaging to individuals, society, and the economy. Women's increased role in the labor market has combined with concerns about the damaging effects of long working hours to push time-related issues up the policy agenda in many Western nations. Wide-ranging and accessible, this book assesses policy alternatives in the light of feminist theory and factual evidence. Gender and the Politics of Time examines how political theory can improve our understanding of the society in which we live, and thereby contribute to policies aimed at reducing exploitation and enabling more people to realize their human potential.

Bryson, V. (2008). "Time-Use Studies: a potentially feminist tool?" International Journal of Feminist Politics 10(2): 135-153.Method: time-use data
feminism
Method: quantitative
gender
Care work
temporal inequality
power
Method: case study
U.K.
Activism
relevance: 2
feminist theory
women's time
Assumptions about time obscuring x
families
Methodology
critique of discipline
children/youth
	Many feminists see inequalities in time use as a key aspect of male privilege and female disadvantage. Many also see quantitative time-use studies as an important resource, providing empirical evidence to support their claims. However, more theoretical work on the nature and meaning of time suggests that the studies are based on male experiences and assumptions. As such, they cannot capture the implications of caring responsibilities, and their use both obscures important aspects of temporal inequality and reinforces the hegemony of male perspectives. This article assesses these arguments, focusing on western democracies and using childcare in the UK as a case study. It finds that some time-use research has indeed misrepresented the extent and nature of continuing temporal inequalities. However, some more recent work is clearly informed by feminist concerns and has the potential to provide more sophisticated understanding. The article concludes that time-use studies can serve as a feminist tool, but only if their limitations are recognized.

Bryson, V. and R. Deery (2010). "Public policy, 'men's time' and power: The work of community midwives in the British National Health Service." Womens Studies International Forum 33(2): 91-98.Policy
gender
power
U.K.
Health care
Feminism
Community health
England
women's time
Cyclical time
linear time
labour time
inclusion/exclusion
reproductive time
critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
public and private time
power
temporal inequality
care work
	This article links theoretical work on time and gender to a case study of community-based midwives in the British National Health Service in England. While it rejects universalism or essentialism, the article argues that continuing social differences make it meaningful to talk about 'women's time' (cyclical, qualitative, relational, and natural time, particularly associated with private life and care) and 'men's time' (linear, quantitative, commodified, and clock time, particularly associated with the capitalist workplace). It also argues that gendered time cultures are bound up with gender differences in power. The case study finds that midwives experience a damaging clash between hegemonic 'men's time' and the time needs of women. It also finds that, despite some recent women-friendly changes in maternity care at the level of rhetoric, market-driven reforms have consolidated an inappropriate 'time is money' rationality. The article concludes that we need to reassert the value of 'women's time' in the interests of us all.

Buciek, K., J. O. Bærenholdt, et al. (2006). "Whose Heritage? Immigration and Place Narratives in Denmark." Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography 88(2): 185-197.heritage
migration
narrative
Denmark
human Geography
Geography
Anthropology
identity
Belonging
heritage sites
counter traditions
Multiple heritages
Method: dynamic rather than static
Relevance: 2
policy
Europe
inclusion/exclusion
Multiculturalism
Asynchrony
history
	Questions of heritage, of ownership of discourses of past and present are important elements in present-day struggles over identity and belonging, not least those related to immigration policy. None the less, the perspective of immmigrant groups is often overlooked when decisions are taken concerning preservation of heritage sites. Since the late 1960s the area around FrederiksvÃ¦rk, Northern Zealand has become the home of large numbers of immigrants, notably from ex-Yugoslavia, who were brought to Denmark to serve as rank and file in the then booming steel industry. In spite of their undeniable contribution to the development of the town, the cultural heritage of this relatively large immigrant population takes up very little space in the official branding of the town as a key site in the industrial history of Denmark. This article discusses the various place narratives in relation to immigrants in the case of FrederiksvÃ¦rk. We take as our point of departure the Danish notion of kulturmiljÃ¸ (cultural milieu), which is more material than the notion of heritage. This discussion focuses on the ability ofkulturmiljÃ¸ to capture and incorporate the multiple and often contradictory cultural practices of different groups of actors and not the least to transgress the often rather static and confined view on local history, which often results from the heritage perspective. We analyze how different actors, notably the Yugoslavs, are represented in the narratives of the town, and how Yugoslav immigrants themselves perceive their position in FrederiksvÃ¦rk. Furthermore, we attempt to register some of the imprints made by immigrants on the material and cultural fabric, possibly useful to include in a kulturmiljÃ¸ of FrederiksvÃ¦rk. The conclusion assesses the potentials and limitations of the kulturmiljÃ¸ approach with regard to making visible the place narratives of immigrants.

Burkitt, I. (2004). "The time and space of everyday life." Cultural Studies 18(2): 211 - 227.Cultural studies
social time
time discipline
management
temporal conflict
time and space
organisational temporalities
methodology
Relevance: 2
Capitalism
homogenising present
coordinating between different times
critical temporalities
normativity
Bureaucracy
love
friendship
activism
	This article argues that everyday life is related to all social relations and activities, including both the 'official' practices that are codified and normalized and the "unofficial" practices and articulations of experience. Indeed, everyday life is seen as the single plane of immanence in which these two forms of practice and articulation interrelate and affect one another. The lived experience of everyday life is multidimensional, composed of various social fields of practice that are articulated, codified and normalized to different degrees and in different ways (either officially or unofficially). Moving through these fields in daily life, we are aware of passing through different zones of time and space. There are aspects of everyday relations and practices more open to government, institutionalization, and official codification, while others are more resistant and provide the basis for opposition and social movements. Everyday life is a mixture of diverse and differentially produced and articulated forms, each combining time and space in a unique way. What we refer to as â€˜institutionsâ€™ associated with the state or the economy are attempts to fix social practice in time and space â€“ to contain it in specific geographical sites and codify it in official discourses. The relations and practices more often associated with everyday life â€“ such as friendship, love, comradeship and relations of communication â€“ are more fluid, open and dispersed across time and space. However, the two should not be uncoupled in social analysis, as they are necessarily interrelated in processes of social and political change. This is especially so in contemporary capitalism or, as Lefebvre called it, the â€˜bureaucratic society of controlled consumptionâ€™.

Burrowes, R. (1970). "Multiple Time-Series Analysis of Nation-Level Data." Comparative Political Studies 2(4): 465-480.Method: time series analysis
political science
politics
Method: comparative analysis
international politics
international Relations
Method: longitudinal analysis
methodology
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
Transnational
Method: quantitative
	not available - from intro: THIS NOTE URGES students of comparative and international politics to make greater use of longitudinal techniques in general and multiple time-series analysis in particular. It suggests that under certain circumstances, longitudinal analysis of one or a small common cross-sectional analysis of a very large number of nations. The case for longitudinal research turns in part on the intractability of some of the difficulties presently encountered in the cross-sectional analysis of nation-level aggregate data. More important, however, are the peculiar merits of longitudinal case studies. Sidney Verba (1967: 114) in a recent and rather sober assessment of both idiosyncratic single-nation studies and global comparative studies, has urged students of macropolitics to focus on the intermediate goal of a 'disciplined configurative approach'. Longitudinal case studies seem a particularly suitable means towards this end. My attention to this question of research strategy grows out of interests in multivariate analysis of both national political development and within- and between-nation conflict behavior. But I assume that the discussion which follows applies with equal force to many other substantive areas of interest for those using quantitative techniques to study comparative and international politics.

Cahn, E. S. (1999). "Time dollars, work and community: from 'why?' to 'why not?'." Futures 31(5): 499-509.Time banking
labour time
economics
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
policy
Social capital
future studies
	Conventional notions of work and economics are failing our communities. We need to rethink how we can provide a chance for every member of society to secure work and have a minimally decent standard of living. This essay describes an innovative strategy that generates social capital by using a system of bartering time. Time Dollars schemes transform jobless individuals in communities from a burden into assets. People earn Time Dollars by helping others and then use them to buy essential services, purchase goods, and thus play an invaluable part in building and strengthening community. By freeing communities to ask 'Why not?' Time Dollars mobilise human resources in a host of beneficial ways and open up a whole variety of hitherto unimagined possibilities. 

Calcagno, A. (2004). "Jacques Derrida and Alain Badiou: Is there a relation between politics and time?" Philosophy & Social Criticism 30( 7): 799-815.events
political theory
politics
Continental Philosophy
philosophy
futurity
Unpredictibility
Derrida
political time
experiential time
action
Relevance: 2
politics of time
Democracy
Badiou
	This paper argues that though Derrida is correct to bring to the fore the undecidability that is contained in his political notion of the democracy to come, his account does not extend the aporia of undecidable politics far enough. Derrida himself makes evident this gap. Though politics may be structured with undecidability, there are times when direct, decisive and definitive political interventions are required. In his campaign against capital punishment, the blitzing campaigns in Bosnia and Iraq, and in his call for les villes-refuges, Derrida makes decisive appeals which somehow seem to contradict the undecidability he sees as arch-structuring. Alain Badiou's thinking about time as a subjective, decisive intervention executed within his ontological framework of undecidability and multiplicity can serve to extend the aporia of undecidability inherent in politics, ultimately giving an account for both the undecidability that structures politics and the decisive timely interventions that would seem to contradict Derridean undecidability.

Calcagno, A. (2007). Badiou and Derrida: Politics, Events and Their Time. London, New York, Continuum International Continental Philosophy
Derrida
Philosophy
Political theory
events
political time
politics
Unpredictibility
action
Relevance: 2
politics of time
Badiou
	This exciting new book makes a major contribution to Continental philosophy, bringing together for the first time the crucial work on politics by two giants of contemporary French philosophy, Jacques Derrida and Alain Badiou. Derrida has long been recognized as one of the most influential and indeed controversial thinkers in contemporary philosophy and Badiou is fast emerging as a central figure in French thought, as well as in Anglo-American philosophy - his magnum opus, Being and Event, and its long-awaited sequel, Logics of Worlds, have confirmed his position as one of the most significant thinkers working in philosophy today. Both philosophers have devoted a substantial amount of their oeuvre to politics and the question of the nature of the political. Here Antonio Calcagno shows how the political views of these two major thinkers diverge and converge, thus providing a comprehensive exposition of their respective political systems. Both Badiou and Derrida give the event a central role in structuring politics and political thinking and Calcagno advances a theory about the relationship between political events and time that can account for both political undecidability and decidability. This book navigates some very intriguing developments in Continental thought and offers a clear and fascinating account of the political theories of two major contemporary thinkers.

PART ONE
Introduction: Time and Politics
1
PART TWO
Derrida and the Democracy to Come
19
PART THREE
 Badiou, Time and Politics
108
CONCLUSION
Filling Out the Aporia that is Politics
175

Callahan, W. A. (2006). "War, Shame, and Time: Pastoral Governance and National Identity in England and America." International Studies Quarterly 50(2): 395-419.International Relations
War
nationalism
identity
Affect
England
U.K.
USA
Commemorative events
Sacred time
religion
Relevance: 2
critical temporalities
national time
changing perceptions of time
continuity over time
shame
political community
	This essay examines the emergence of national identity in international society through the curious example of "National Humiliation Day," a special holiday proclaimed by the head of state in wartime and celebrated in local churches throughout the nation. It argues that the observation of humiliation days produces the nation as the sacred political community because it figures both problems and solutions in a "national" time that is radically different from the dynastic and ecclesiastical times that defined medieval Europe. Unlike those who suggest that the Peace of Westphalia instituted a dramatic shift to an international system of secular states, the essay argues that national humiliation days demonstrate an enduring overlap between the transcendental world order of religion and the temporal world order of territorial states. National humiliation days share not just an invocation of God in politics, but the continual invocation of the nation as the sacred political community. Thus, rather than being the result of a secularizing process, the nation is continually constructed through pastoral governance. The essay's second argument is more theoretical. It is common in constructivism and critical international relations theory to argue that nations are constructed through the production of foreign enemies in a clear division of a virtuous inside from a vicious outside. National humiliation day texts help us question this understanding of identity politics because they concentrate their critique on the national self rather than a foreign Other; the self here "Others" itself in a productive and contingent identity politics that allows more space for criticism and resistance. Yet the resistance generated in these humiliation holiday texts is not to nationalism as a category of identity per se, but to specific oppressive forms of the nation. Thus the essay concludes that the nation is generated not just through pastoral governance, but also through resistance to pastoral governance.

Campbell, K. E. and B. A. Lee (1992). "Sources of Personal Neighbor Networks: Social Integration, Need, or Time?" Social Forces 70(4): 1077-1100.urban communities
Sociology
Method: social network analysis
USA
inclusion/exclusion
time scarcity
Relevance: 2
time spent with community
Method: surveys
	In response to Wirth's (1938) image of city dwellers as isolated individuals lacking strong ties to others, urban sociologists and network analysts have closely examined personal networks. Because neighbors are vital components of such networks, we examine three theoretical perspectives offered to explain the links between statuses and neighbor networks: social integration, need, and available time. Survey evidence from 690 adults in 81 Nashville, Tennessee neighborhoods best supports a social integration interpretation - those in statuses well integrated into society in general (female, middle-aged, married, and high-SES respondents) have larger networks within their neighborhoods. Need may be the inverse of integration, for low-SES persons, though maintaining smaller networks, have more frequent and intense contact with their neighbors.

Candlin, C. N. and S. Candlin (2007). Nursing through time and space : some challenges to the construct of community of practice. The discourse of hospital communication: tracing complexities in contemporary health care organizations. R. Iedema. London, Palgrave Macmillan: 244-267.nursing
communities of practice
health care
communication
time as symbolic resource
organisational temporalities
Relevance: 2
professionalism
	This chapter addresses a number of issues which relate to the construction over time and space of professional discourses within the practice of nursing. Discussion of these issues draws on the now well-established construct of communities of practice, first developed by Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger (Lave and Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1998) and now extensively adopted across a range of social, educational, human and management disciplines. One objective of the chapter is to draw on the discussion of nursing practice to offer a critical perspective on this contruct.

Casarino, C. (2003). "Time Matters: Marx, Negri, Agamben, and the Corporeal." Strategies: Journal of Theory, Culture & Politics 16(2): 185-206.Philosophy
politics
Continental Philosophy
Marxism
Negri
Agamben
embodiment
economics
Time as missing element
Political theory
linear time
Critical temporalities
relevance: 2
time as missing element
Assumptions about time obscuring x
history
	Economy of time, to this all economy ultimately reduces itself. (Karl Marx) I On the first page of a 1978 essay entitled ?Time and History: Critique of the Instant and the Continuum,? Giorgio Agamben writes: The original task of a genuine revolution...is never merely to ?change the world,? but also?and first of all?to ?change time.? Modern political thought has concentrated its attention on history, and has not elaborated a corresponding conception of time. Even historical materialism has until now neglected to elaborate a concept of time that compares with its concept of history. Because of this omission it has been unwittingly compelled to have recourse to a concept of time dominant in Western culture for centuries, and so to harbor, side by side, a revolutionary concept of history and a traditional experience of time. The vulgar representation of time as a precise and homogeneous continuum has thus diluted the Marxist concept of history: it has become the hidden breach through which ideology has crept into the citadel of historical materialism.

Castree, N. (2009). "The Spatio-temporality of Capitalism." Time & Society 18(1): 26-61.Capitalism
Harvey
Capitalism
materiality
Marxism
social time
Massey
Relevance: 2
time and space
Review article
	This essay seeks to explain the constitutive role that space-time plays in the dynamics of capital accumulation. Through a close reading of David Harvey’s work, I show that time and space work together in ways particular to the capitalist mode of producing, distributing, selling, consuming and disposing of commodities. This does not, I argue, mean that space-time is reducible to capital accumulation - there are, to be sure, other forms of space-time that are relatively autonomous from the now dominant mode of production. My aim is not to provide a definitive account of space-time tout court but, instead, to show both the organic connection between space and time within capitalism specifically as well as the necessary - rather than simply contingent - role that space-time plays in the dynamics of accumulation. My argument is that capitalist space is inconceivable in abstraction from capitalism’s temporal compulsions, and that space-time functions as a concrete abstraction that internalizes the whole gamut of contradictions that Marx identified over a century ago. The essay makes its analytical contribution by surveying previous Marxist and non-Marxist contributions to understanding space and time in the social sciences, en route to a close reading of Harvey’s Limits to Capital. The political implications of paying careful attention to capitalist space-time are explored by counterposing Harvey’s work with Doreen Massey’s recent writings about spatio-temporality. 

Chakrabarty, D. (1992). "Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for "Indian" Pasts?" Representations(37): 1-26.Colonialism
Postcolonialism
India
history
identity
migration
ethnicity
Coevalness
temporal distancing
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
historical time
critique of discipline
Western imperialism
	not available - from intro: IT HAS RECENTLY BEEN SAID in praise of the postcolonial project of Subaltern Studies that it demonstrates, "perhaps for the first time since coloniza- tion," that "Indians are showing sustained signs of reappropriating the capacity to represent themselves [within the discipline of history]."' As a historian who is a member of the Subaltern Studies collective, I find the congratulation contained in this remark gratifying but premature. The purpose of this article is to problematize the idea of "Indians" "representing themselves in history." Let us put aside for the moment the messy problems of identity inherent in a transnational enterprise such as Subaltern Studies, where passports and commitments blur the distinctions of ethnicity in a manner that some would regard as characteristically postmodern. I have a more perverse proposition to argue. It is that insofar as the academic discourse of history-that is, "history" as a discourse produced at the institutional site of the university-is concerned, "Europe" remains the sovereign, theoretical subject of all histories, including the ones we call "Indian," "Chinese," "Kenyan," and so on. There is a peculiar way in which all these other histories tend to become variations on a master narrative that could be called "the history of Europe." In this sense, "Indian" history itself is in a position of subalternity; one can only articulate subaltern subject positions in the name of this history.

Chakrabarty, D. (1998). "Minority Histories, Subaltern Pasts." Economic and Political Weekly 33(9): 473-479.Counter modernity
Counter traditions
Multiple heritages
historical time
history
historiography
Critical temporalities
inclusion/exclusion
relevance: 2
Asynchrony
	The relation between 'subaltern pasts' and the practice of historicising is not one of mutual exclusion. Subaltern pasts act as a supplement to the historian's pasts and in fact aid our capacity to historicise. They enable history, the discipline, to be what it is and yet at the same time help to show forth what its limits are.

Chakrabarty, D. (2008 ). Provincializing Europe: postcolonial thought and historical difference. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.postcolonialism
history
historical time
inclusion/exclusion
temporal distancing
modernity
Capitalism
secularism
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
counter modernity
western imperialism
critique of discipline
Asynchrony
	First published in 2000, Dipesh Chakrabarty's influential Provincializing Europe addresses the mythical figure of Europe that is often taken to be the original site of modernity in many histories of capitalist transition in non-Western countries. This imaginary Europe, Dipesh Chakrabarty argues, is built into the social sciences. The very idea of historicizing carries with it some peculiarly European assumptions about disenchanted space, secular time, and sovereignty. Measured against such mythical standards, capitalist transition in the third world has often seemed either incomplete or lacking. Provincializing Europe proposes that every case of transition to capitalism is a case of translation as well--a translation of existing worlds and their thought--categories into the categories and self-understandings of capitalist modernity. Now featuring a new preface in which Chakrabarty responds to his critics, this book globalizes European thought by exploring how it may be renewed both for and from the margins

Chambers, S. A. (2003). Untimely Politics. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.political theory
politics
Continental Philosophy
philosophy
Derrida
Heidegger
foucault
nietzsche
psychoanalysis
language
Sexuality
Policy
Relevance: 2
Critical temporalities
time as tool for political legitimation
Untimely
Unpredictibility
political time
families
metaphysics
timeliness
	Challenging the linear view of history which confines or predetermines the outcome of politics, this book argues for an 'untimely' politics, rendering the past problematic and the future unpredictable. Untimely Politics offers close readings of key texts in political theory and enters into debates involving metaphysics, philosophy of language, and psychoanalysis versus discursive analysis - all designed to demonstrate that untimeliness expands the scope of the political. The ideas are weaved together around the theme of the relevance of language analysis to political debate, answering those critics who insist discourse approaches to politics are irrelevant. Calling on key texts of Heidegger, Nietzsche, Foucault and Derrida the book challenges the political burden which is placed on language analysis to prove its value in the real world. To demonstrate his arguments, Samuel Chambers uses the case study of same-sex marriage in the US to interrogate family values politics. In seeking to explore the bearing of contemporary theory on practical political life, this book makes a timely plea for a more politically relevant form of intellectual work.

Chambers, S. A. (2011). "Untimely Politics avant la lettre: The Temporality of Social Formations." Time & Society 20(2): 197-223.political theory
politics
social time
philosophy
Continental Philosophy
Marxism
Althusser
Relevance: 2
political time
Multiple temporalities
experiential time
Untimely
timeliness
	A number of contemporary political theorists have recently called for a turn toward a more radical thinking of temporality that would prove more appropriate to, and more robust in thinking through, contemporary politics. This work marks an important turn in contemporary theory. However, in order to advance the very enterprise on radical temporality and politics to which these works are committed requires viewing them from a perspective that reveals a set of commonalities, commonalities which may also mark the limits of this project as currently formulated. In particular, contemporary theorists try to reconceptualize temporality in a manner more suitable to politics by starting with different experiences of temporality. Here I argue for a thinking of time that goes beyond experience. I start to make sense of this claim, first, by suggesting that the recent turn toward untimeliness might itself be considered untimely in the sense of arriving on the scene late, since contained within Louis Althusser’s project of rereading Marx we can find both a theory of untimeliness prior to the coining of the term and a thoroughgoing rejection of linear and everyday time. Althusser thinks time differently and more deeply precisely because he makes the crucial move of linking temporality to the social formation. Rather than conceive of temporal alternatives (duration vs clock time, for example) that human subjects might experience or invoke, we must grasp temporality as emanating from society, and a theory of time must therefore be linked to a theory of the social formation. 

Chatterjee, P. (2001). "The nation in heterogeneous time." Indian Economic & Social History Review 38(4): 399-418.nationalism
politics
historical time
homogenising present
political time
modernity
Critical temporalities
linear time
Anderson
Multiple temporalities
foucault
Relevance: 2
Agency
Democratic present
time as all encompassing
capitalism
Assumptions about time obscuring x
Asynchrony
labour time
History
	not available - from the text: I believe Anderson, in the tradition of much progressive historicist thinking in the twentieth century, sees the politics of universalism as something that belongs to the very character of the time in which we now live. It is futile to participate in, or sympathise with, or even give credence to efforts to resist its sway. In his recent book, Dipesh Chakrabarty has drawn our attention to a remark made by E.P. Thompson, a Marxist historian who was justifiably celebrated for his antireductionist view of historical agency. In a famous essay on time and workdiscipline in the era of industrial capitalism, Thompson spoke of the inevitability of workers everywhere having to shed their pre-capitalist work habits: ’Without time-discipline we could not have the insistent energies of industrial man; and whether this discipline comes in the form of Methodism, or of Stalinism, or of nationalism, it will come to the developing world.’ Similarly, Benedict Anderson speaks of ’the remarkable planetary spread, not merely of nationalism, but of a profoundly standardized conception of politics, in part by reflecting on the everyday practices, rooted in industrial material civilization, that have displaced the cosmos to make way for the world’ .4 Such a conception of politics requires an understanding of the world as one, so that a common activity called politics can be seen to be going on everywhere. Politics, in this sense, inhabits the empty homogeneous time of modernity. I disagree. I believe this view of modernity, or indeed of capital, is mistaken because it is one-sided. It looks at only one dimension of the time-space of modem life. People can only imagine themselves in empty homogeneous time; they do not live in it. Empty homogeneous time is the utopian time of capital. It linearly connects past, present and future, creating the possibility for all of those historicist imaginings of identity, nationhood, progress, and so on that Anderson, along with others, have made familiar to us. But empty homogeneous time is not located anywhere in real space-it is utopian. The real space of modern life consists of heterotopia. (My debt to Michel Foucault should be obvious.)5 Time here is heterogeneous, unevenly dense. Here, even industrial workers do not all internalise the work-discipline of capitalism, and more curiously, even when they do, they do not do so in the same way. Politics here does not mean the same thing to all people. To ignore this is, I believe, to discard the real for the utopian.

Chowers, E. (2002). "Gushing Time: Modernity and the multiplicity of temporal homes " Time & Society 11(2-3): 233-249.home
asynchrony
belonging
cosmopolitanism
global present
globalisation
homogenising present
hybrid identity
identity
mobility across communities
modernity
multiple temporalities
philosophy
present
relevance: 2
temporal vs spatial communities
time and space
	According to some theorists (such as Agnes Heller) modern individuals no longer experience space as the anchor of their identity; they have become ‘geographically promiscuous’, changing their place of residency according to their personal circumstances and prospects for fulfillment. Instead, moderns have embraced the absolute present – the time of global culture – as the center of their identity. This article criticizes such claims. It suggests, first, that the absolute present is not the single temporal home available for late moderns, and that it coexists with singular conceptions of the past (semicyclicalism) and the profane (cosmopolitan) future as alternative homes; second, that in modernity spatial and temporal homelessness went hand in hand, rather than the former displacing the latter. Finally, it is suggested that the multiplicity of spatial and temporal homes available for late moderns calls for a flexible conception of selfhood, one that is able to incorporate this multiplicity and to welcome the ensuing homelessness within the self's own home(s).

Chu, J. L. and Z. Pan (1999). "The time race and time signification in the reform era." International Journal of Cultural Studies 2(1): 33-57.Cultural studies
China
Cinema
Architecture
Materiality
modernization
social change
linear time
modernity
public and private time
national time
action
agency
Relevance: 2
changing perceptions of time
time as symbolic resource
	This study reports a field study of movie theaters in a large Chinese city. Interpreting the evidence on the changing physical attributes of theater auditoriums and theater managers discursive practices in making these changes, we show that movie theaters express a societyâ€™s common-sense ideas of time. These ideas are the collective beliefs and hermeneutic readings of the historic moment of Chinaâ€™s modernization which movie-going activities in part constitute. Emerging from our analysis are three theses that constitute the cultural dynamics of Chinaâ€™s modernization process: the universal flow of time providing inspiration for change and routes to search for the criteria of modernity, shifting definitions of public and private time as an indication of the changing relationship between the state and society, and the sociogeographic specificity of time as a framework for social actorsâ€™ strategic reasoning.

Cinnirella, M. (1998). "Exploring Temporal Aspects of Social Identity: The Concept of Possible Social Identities." European Journal of Social Psychology 28(2): 227-248.Identity
Psychology
hybrid identity
open future
future
Shared future
shared past
Relevance: 2
social psychology
Mobility across communities
time as missing element
imagined futures
imagined pasts
	In the social identity model of reactions to negative social identity (Tajfel & Turner, 1979, 1986), the concept of cognitive alternatives focuses on individual and group perceptions of the possibility of changing group memberships or improving existing ones. In the current paper, the under-researched concept of cognitive alternatives is expanded so as to better encompass issues relating to the temporal dimension of social identity maintenance. Markus and Nurius' (1986) possible selves perspective is used as a starting point for exploring the manner in which social identity maintenance is influenced by cognitions about, and social representations of, a group's past and possible future. It is proposed that the concept of cognitive alternatives be expanded to incorporate possible social identities, which represent individual and shared cognitions about possible past group memberships, possible future group memberships, and perceptions of the possible past and future for current group memberships. The consequences of perceiving positive and negative possible social identities are examined, and methodological issues which might facilitate their empirical study addressed.

Cladis, M. S. (2009). "The Discovery and Recovery of Time in History and Religion." History and Theory: Studies in the Philosophy of History 48(3): 283-294.Social time
Philosophy
history
linear time
multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
religion
Relevance: 2
Book review
critique of discipline
time as missing element
Methodology
critical temporalities
cultural variants of time
non-linear time
	This review essay of William Gallois's Time, Religion, and History is a theoretical exploration of what can be called ecologies of time: those complex and diverse nexuses of human activity and notions of time that are fashioned in different cultures at different times. The essay both engages with and critiques Gailois's own view about how the academic discipline of history and its methodologies are based on an (allegedly) narrow, linear, "Newtonian" conception of time, and how very much the discipline stands to gain, methodologically speaking, from studying culturally diverse senses of time outside the modern West.

Clark, N. (2008). "Aboriginal Cosmopolitanism." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 32(3): 737-744.Environment
Climate Change
Australia
Urban communities
Ethics
Cosmopolitanism
ecological citizenship
collective memory
colonialism
communities in crisis
Generations
Relevance: 2
Unpredictibility
Deep time
nomadic communities
indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
climate change
Geography
natural disasters
	The current drought in Australia raises questions about the extent to which urban life depends on physical forces that come with their own dynamics and eccentric rhythms. I suggest that currently deepening understandings of the inherent volatility of earth processes might help us appreciate the accomplishments of those who have stayed in place for hundreds or thousands of years: peoples whose ‘nomadic’ journeys through deep time have taken them through major bio- or geo-physical transformations in their environments. In this way, we might learn to recognize how most urban or settled life inherits terrains whose irregularities and extremes have been softened by the efforts of these prior inhabitants. In a world where we can expect major environmental changes to induce new waves of estrangement and displacement, I ask whether a sense of the immeasurable debt which we owe to those people who came before us might help inspire the kind of cosmopolitan sensibilities we would hope for.

Clark, N. (2010). "Volatile Worlds, Vulnerable Bodies." Theory, Culture & Society 27(2-3): 31-53.Climate change
Unpredictibility
natural disasters
Critical temporalities
Agency
embodiment
Derrida
ethics
Relevance: 2
Turning points
complexity theory
Geography
Assumptions about time obscuring x
communities in crisis
More-than-human communities
environment
continental Philosophy
	The abrupt climate change thesis suggests that climate passes through threshold transitions, after which change is sudden, runaway and unstoppable. This concurs with recent themes in complexity studies. Data from ice cores indicates that major shifts in global climate regimes have occurred in as little as a decade, and that for most of the span of human existence the climate has oscillated much more violently than it has over the last 10,000 years. This evidence presents enormous challenges for international climate change negotiation and regulation, which has thus far focused on gradual change. It is argued that existing social theoretic engagements with physical agency are insufficiently geared towards dissonant or disastrous physical events. Wagering on the past and future importance of abrupt climate change, the article explores a way of engaging with catastrophic climatic change that stresses the inherent volatility and unpredictability of earth process, and the no-less-inherent vulnerability of the human body. Drawing on Bataille and Derrida, it proposes a way of nestling the issue of environmental justice within a broader sense of immeasurable indebtedness to those humans who endured previous episodes of abrupt climate change, and considers the idea of experimentation and generosity without reserve.

Clayman, S. E. (1989). "The Production of Punctuality: Social Interaction, Temporal Organization, and Social Structure." American Journal of Sociology 95(3): 659-691.Punctuality
Sociology
temporal ordering
media
organisational temporalities
Communication
sequence
social time
etiquette
temporal boundaries
relevance: 2
Social coordination
coordinating between different times
social structure
Skill in temporal practices
news
	Social occasions can be distinguished by the degree to which their temporal length is locally variable or predetermined. Using the live television news interview as an extreme example of the latter, this paper describes how an interactional encounter is brought to a close at a prespecified time. The larger aim is to explore linkages between the organization of interaction and institutional forms generally regarded as social structural in character. The closing process is first examined in casual conversation, which has a variable duration. News interview closings are then examined and are shown to adhere to a systematically modified format that provides for closing at a prearranged time. It is suggested in conclusion that sociotemporal and institutional structures are reproduced through the situated adaptation of generic interactional mechanisms, and that this formulation preserves the integrity of both interaction and social structure while providing for their interconnection.

Cochran, T. (1995). "History and the Collapse of Eternity." Boundary 2 22(3): 33.History
Benjamin
Unpredictibility
Collective memory
modernity
action
Continuity over time
Knowledge
organisational temporalities
Relevance: 2
national time
historical time
temporality of academic work
Agency
political economy
epistemology
	Since the advent of the modern state, every cultural and political economy has required a coherent and compatible  sense of the past, present, and future.This sometimes implicit historical understanding, with its attendant categories of knowledge and value, endows any present with stability by mediating between the need for continuity with the past and the inevitability of disruptive change. A quandary in historical understanding occurs when disruptive change outdistances the capacity to integrate it; at its most extreme, this quandary touches on the very concept of historical protagonist, acentral element of all historical thought. In modernity, however, when a transcendent deity gradually ceased being viewed as the primary agent of human events, the notion of historical protagonist has achieved unparalleled prominence. As shorthand for a social and ideological process, "modernity" is synonymous with the search for a secular agent to propel the movement of history and with the secular epistemology that derives from it. Endowed with recognizable characteristics, the historical agency of modernity has most insistently been attributed to collectivities, whether they take the form of the state, the nation, the class, or the people, and to the knowing subject, whether considered as the monadic individual or the personified Geist of idealism. Instability in the modern economy of agency places into question not only the tenuous historical continuity it produces but also the multivalent organization of knowledge that ranges from empirical institutions, such as the university, to presuppositions about how an object of knowledge is constituted.

Cohen, A. P. (1985). The symbolic construction of community. London, Routledge.time as symbolic resource
social structure
Meaning
ethnicity
Belonging
identity
Anthropology
the past
shared past
Relevance: 2
	Anthony Cohen makes a distinct break with earlier approaches to the study of community, which treated the subject in largely structural terms. His view is interpretive and experiential, seeing the community as a cultural field with a complex of symbols whose meanings vary among its members. He delineates a concept applicable to local and ethnic communities through which people see themselves as belonging to society. The emphasis on boundary is sensitive to the circumstances in which people become aware of the implications of belonging to a community, and describes how they symbolise and utilise these boundaries to give substance to their values and identities.

see Chapter 4 in particular

Cohen, R. L. (2010). "Rethinking 'mobile work': boundaries of space, time and social relation in the working lives of mobile hairstylists." Work, Employment & Society 24(1): 65-84.labour time
temporal boundaries
time and space
sociology
Method: Interviews
Method: surveys
Mobility across communities
Relevance: 2
embodiment
public and private time
	This article investigates the relationship between spatial mobility and the labour process, developing a typology of 'mobile work'. Working while mobile is a largely white-collar (and well researched) phenomenon whereas mobility as work and mobility for work involve more diverse occupations and have been omitted from sociological analysis of mobile work. The article explores the range of work involving spatial mobility before focusing on a hitherto unexamined form of mobility for work, mobile hairstyling. Relationships between mobility, employment status and the construction of spatial, social and temporal work-life boundaries are excavated. It is shown that previous arguments linking mobile work with decorporealisation or unboundedness are inadequate, applicable primarily to working while mobile. Other types of mobile work may or may not corrode work-life boundaries; whether they do depends in part on workersâ€™ income security. Data are drawn from the Labour Force Survey and interviews with self-employed mobile hairstylists.

Cole, J. R. I. (1996). "Marking Boundaries, Marking Time: The Iranian Past and the Construction of the Self by Qajar Thinkers." Iranian Studies 29(1/2): 35-56.nationalism
Iran
Middle East
narrative
Modernity
Coevalness
Temporal conflict
temporal distancing
identity
relevance: 2
islam
imagined futures
shame
industrialisation
uneven development
	Not available - from intro: The intellectual model of Eurpoean Nationalism had a powerful  impact in the second half the nineteenth century upon Qajar intellectuals and officials, many of whom lived abroad, were fluent in some European language, or were influenced by translations of European works. These thinkers, beginning in the 1850s, were the first to attempt to "imagine" an Iranian nation.' That they made this attempt is a result not only of the influence upon them of the modular nationalist experience, but also of their own encounter with the same forces of modernity that were hammering Europe itself-new media of communication, new forms of transportation,a nd processes of economic differentiation deriving from the rise of core industrial economies and vastly increased world trade-all of which afforded states and other institutions the resources for disciplinary technologies  that reshaped the Self.2 But faced with European military and economic precedence, intellectuals in the non-European world had, additionally, to contend with issues in self-respect, in the shame of defeat and of technological inferiority.

Coleman, R. (2008). "‘Things That Stay’: Feminist theory, duration and the future." Time & Society 17(1): 85-102.becoming
embodiment
duration
feminist theory
feminism
future
Continuity over time
Grosz
Method: Interviews
Bergson
Method: dynamic rather than static
change over time
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
Becoming
Multiple temporalities
Asynchrony
futurity
	Taking up Grosz’s proposal for the ‘complexities of time and becoming’ to be considered seriously, this article explores the status of time and the future within feminist theory through empirical research in which teenage girls describe things ‘staying’. Focusing on these ‘things that stay’ and drawing on Bergson’s concepts of duration and the virtual, the article argues that time is dynamic and heterogeneous; things endure through divergence and transformation. It argues that if the relations of temporality are understood as both continuous and discontinuous, enduring and changing, feminist theory orients to the future in ‘novel’ ways.

Connerton, P. (1989). How Societies Remember. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Collective memory
embodiment
The past
ritual
Commemorative events
sociology
Anthropology
Relevance: 2
invention of tradition
Memory
	In treating memory as a cultural rather than an individual faculty, this book provides an account of how bodily practices are transmitted in, and as, traditions. Most studies of memory as a cultural faculty focus on written, or inscribed transmissions of memories. Paul Connerton, on the other hand, concentrates on bodily (or incorporated) practices, and so questions the currently dominant idea that literary texts may be taken as a metaphor for social practices generally. The author argues that images of the past and recollected knowledge of the past are conveyed and sustained by ritual performances and that performative memory is bodily. Bodily social memory is an essential aspect of social memory, but it is an aspect which has until now been badly neglected. An innovative study, this work should be of interest to researchers into social, political and anthropological thought as well as to graduate and undergraduate students.

Connolly, W. E. (2005). Pluralism. Durham, NC, Duke University Press.non-homogeneous community
politics
Political theory
Philosophy
Continental Philosophy
Cinema
Relevance: 2
Territory
Social justice
inclusion/exclusion
Bergson
Proust
Deleuze
Agamben
Negri
William James
globalisation
	Over the past two decades, the renowned political theorist William E. Connolly has developed a powerful theory of pluralism as the basis of a territorial politics. In this concise volume, Connolly launches a new defence of pluralism, contending that it has a renewed relevance in light of pressing global and national concerns, including the war in Iraq, the movement for a Palestinian state, and the fight for gay and lesbian rights. Connolly contends that deep, multidimensional pluralism is the best way to promote justice and inclusion without violence. He advocates a deep pluralism - in contrast to shallow, secular pluralism - that helps to create space for different groups to bring their religious faiths into the public realm. This form of deep pluralism extends far beyond faith, encompassing multiple dimensions of social and personal lives, including household organization and sexuality. Connolly looks at pluralism not only in light of faith but also in relation to evil, ethics, relativism, globalization, and sovereignty. In the process, he engages many writers and theorists - among them, Spinoza, William James, Henri Bergson, Marcel Proust, Gilles Deleuze, Giorgio Agamben, Talal Asad, Michael Hardt, and Antonio Negri. "Pluralism" is the first book in which Connolly explains the relationship between pluralism and the experience of time, and he offers readings of several films which address how time is understood, including "Time Code", "Far from Heaven", "Waking Life" and "The Maltese Falcon". In this necessary book Connolly brings a compelling, accessible philosophical critique together with his personal commitment to an inclusive political agenda to suggest how we might - and why we must - cultivate pluralism within both society and ourselves. 

Connolly, W. E. (2011). A World of Becoming. Durham, NC, Duke University Press.Political philosophy
politics
Continental Philosophy
Philosophy
creativity
evolution
Multiple temporalities
Systems Theory
climate change
economics
open future
Unpredictibility
social Change
ethics
spirituality
Merleau-Ponty
Whitehead
Deleuze
complexity theory
biology
Critical temporalities
methodology
Temporality of academic work
Relevance: 2
community stability
Turning points
Unpredictibility
Becoming
media
changing perceptions of time
finance
	In A World of Becoming William E. Connolly outlines a political philosophy suited to a world whose powers of creative evolution include and exceed the human estate. This is a world composed of multiple, interacting systems, including those of climate change, biological evolution, economic practices, and geological formations. Such open systems, set on different temporal registers of stability and instability, periodically resonate together to secrete profound, unpredictable changes. To engage such a world reflectively is to feel pressure to alter established practices of politics, ethics, and spirituality. In pursuing such a course, Connolly draws inspiration from philosophers such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Alfred North Whitehead, and Gilles Deleuze, as well as the complexity theorist of biology Stuart Kauffman and the theologian Catherine Keller. Being attuned to a world of becoming, Connolly argues, may also help us address dangerous resonances between global finance capital, cross-regional religious resentments, neoconservative ideology, and the 24-hour mass media. Coming to terms with subliminal changes in the contemporary experience of time that challenge traditional images can help us grasp how these movements have arisen and perhaps even inspire creative counter-movements. The book closes with the chapter "The Theorist and the Seer," in which Connolly draws insights from early Greek ideas of the Seer and a Jerry Lewis film, The Nutty Professor, to inform the theory enterprise today. 

Conrad, S. (1999). "What Time is Japan? Problems of Comparative (Intercultural) Historiography." History and Theory 38(1): 67-83.Japan
history
narrative
time as tool for political legitimation
temporal distancing
Method: comparative analysis
Relevance: 2
historiography
western imperialism
historical time
passivity
epistemology
Modernization
	Rather than reflect on the process of an alleged "modernization" of historical scholarship, an intercultural comparison of historiography should take the European origins of academic history as its starting point. The reason, as this article argues, is that in non-European countries the European genealogy of the discipline of history continued to structure interpretations of the past. Both on the level of method, but more importantly on the level of interpretive strategies, "Europe" remained the yardstick for historiographical explanation. This article will use the example of postwar Japanese historiography to show that historians resorted to a European model in order to turn seemingly unconnected events in the Japanese past into a historical narrative. This is not to imply, however, that Japanese historiography passively relied on concepts from Western discourse. On the contrary, Japanese historians appropriated and transformed the elements of this discourse in the specific geopolitical setting of the 1940s and 1950s. This act of appropriation served the political purpose of positioning Japan with respect to Asia and the "West." However, on an epistemological level, the priority of "Europe" persisted; Japanese historiography remained a "derivative discourse." Studies in comparative historiography, therefore, should be attentive to these traces of the European descent of academic history and privilege the transnational history of historiography over meditations on its internal rationalization.

Cooren, F., S. Fox, et al. (2005). "Arguments for a Plurified View of the Social World: Spacing and timing as hybrid achievements " Time & Society 14(2-3): 265-282.Multiple temporalities
hybrid identity
Agency
action
materiality
Actor-Network Theory
organisational temporalities
Relevance: 2
time and space
	This article shows how the structuration of space and time occurs through the articulation of different agents’ doings, whether these agents are human, technological or textual. Spacing and timing should therefore be considered hybrid achivements. This reflection then leads us to a reconceptualization of societies’ and organizations’ modes of being. Far from reifying these forms of life, that is to say, to transform them into things, this approach leads us - analytically speaking - to plurify them, to show that they are literally made of things, texts and humans: that they are plural and incarnated.

Corsten, M. (1999). "The Time of Generations." Time & Society 8(2-3): 249-272.generations
karl Mannheim
time as horizon
Shared past
historical time
Relevance: 2
time perspective
Luhmann
	This article develops a discursive-pragmatic concept from Mannheim's theory of generation, especially from his idea of generation as an actuality which emphazises the collective cognitive background or horizon of a generation. The author also discusses the emergence of such a cognitive background as dependent on a coincidence of different time perspectives, which are biographical, historical, and generational times. To explicate the discursive practice of generations the concepts of `historical time' (Robinson), `historical semantics' (Luhmann), and `cultural circles' are introduced. The author works out an understanding of the `problem of generation' that should lead to empirical investigations on this topic by using interpretive and reconstructive research methods.

Coser, R. and L. Coser (1990). Time Perspective and Social Structure. The Sociology of Time. J. Hassard. London, Macmillan: 191-202.sociology
social time
time perspective
Relevance: 2
Social structure
	not available

Cotton, J. H. (1954). Royce on the Human Self. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press.Philosophy
Josiah Royce
Charles Peirce
perception of time
identity
ethics
Relevance: 2
pragmatism
William James
review article
epistemology
	A brief biographical sketch of josiah royce serves as prelude to the collation and examination of his discussions of the self in time and the self in society. in exploring these metaphysical and ethical aspects of royce's theory of the self, the author is led to a systematic explication of royce's voluntaristic and idealistic epistemology, of his theories of symbolic logic as the science of order, and, in terms of royce's relations with william james and charles s peirce, of his theory of the nature of community and his view of loyalty as the ethical imperative. (bp)

Coundouriotis, E. (2006). "The "Contemporaneous Local" in Time: Problems of History in Shalini Puri's The Caribbean Postcolonial." Small Axe 10(1): 198-205.hybrid identity
nationalism
Synchronicity
shared present
coevalness
history
postcolonialism
literature
non-homogeneous community
Relevance: 2
Book review
multiple heritages
forgetting
Bhabha
	Not available - from intro: Theories of hybridity aim to undermine the privileging of cultural origins and notions of cultural authenticity. These theories, however, have a vexed relationship to history: either hybridity uncovers multiple sources for allegedly homogeneous cultural entities and thus sets in motion alternative historiographies, or hybridization as history-in-the-making orchestrates its own process of forgetfulness, recasting a multiplicity of practices into a new context. In Shalini Puri's book, this division roughly corresponds to metropolitan (European) models of nationalism and the alternative nationalisms of the Caribbean. Puri begins her book by demonstrating how the major theorists of hybridity have elaborated a concept of hybridity as "evidence of the undermining or transcendence of the nation state" (19). As Puri shows in her detailed analysis, hybridity has been used by Homi Bhabha, Paul Gilroy, and Gloria Anzaldúa as a way of opposing the homogenizing tendency of orthodox nationalisms as well as of undercutting the inclination of postcolonial resistance theory towards reductive binarisms (38). More significantly, however, Puri goes a step further by mounting a critique of Bhabha, Gilroy, and Anzaldúa. She argues that their metropolitan perspectives, which locate hybridity as a challenge from the outside, end up privileging the very centers that the theorists claim hybridity dismantles by failing to render the priority of the hybrid as its own sphere. Through highly focused, close readings of key texts by these thinkers, Puri demonstrates that they share "the theoretical construction of hybridity as a principle of difference abstracted from historical specificities" (25). She sees a dangerous reductionism emerging in an abstracted hybridity that [End Page 198] undermines the very purpose of the concept, which was to safeguard against homogenization. Playing with Fredric Jameson's term "political unconscious," Puri asserts that Bhabha, Gilroy, and Anzaldúa reveal a "national unconscious" in their thought that in the end places their theories of hybridity within and not outside or across the nationalism of metropolitan centers. 

Crang, M. (1994). "Spacing Times, Telling Times and Narrating the Past." Time & Society 3(1): 29-45.narrative
time and space
museums
organisational temporalities
Architecture
method: case study
shared past
Relevance: 2
narrative
	This paper takes one institution, the museum, and suggests how this institution organizes understandings of time. Museums are seen as actively organizing practices that sustain certain views of the world. The paper takes a single case study to illustrate how such practices may be currently organized. It suggests that while analysis of cultural grammar may be illuminating, a narratological perspective is required in order to analyse practices in modern museums. Thus it is suggested that studies of narrativity may shed some light on contemporary understandings of temporality.

Cunliffe, A. L., J. T. Luhman, et al. (2004). "Narrative Temporality: Implications for Organizational Research." Organization Studies 25(2): 261-286.narrative
organisational temporalities
methodology
time perspective
orientation within time
Ricoeur
Sartre
Philosophy
Method: dynamic rather than static
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
temporality of academic work
Assumptions about time obscuring x
	Our aim is to stimulate critical reflection on an issue that has received relatively little attention: how alternative presuppositions about time can lead to different narrative ways of researching and theorizing organizational life. Based on two amendments to Paul Ricoeurâ€™s work in Time and Narrative, we re-story narrative research in organizations as Narrative Temporality (NT). Our amendments draw upon the temporality perspective of Jean-Paul Sartre in order to reframe narrative research in organizations as a fluid, dynamic, yet rigorous process open to the interpretations (negotiated) of its many participants (polyphonic) and situated in the context and point of enactment (synchronic). We believe an approach to narrative organizational research grounded in NT can open up new ways of thinking about experience and sense-making, and help us take reflexive responsibility for our research.

Cwerner, S. (2000). "The Chronopolitan Ideal: Time, Belonging and Globalization." Time & Society 9(2-3): 331-345.Cosmopolitanism
Political theory
politics
temporal vs spatial communities
Generations
ethics
history
multiple temporalities
Synchronicity
international politics
belonging
globalisation
international politics
time as missing element
homogenising present
critique of discipline
Temporally extended responsibilities
temporal complexity
coevalness
Relevance: 2
future generations
political community
	Cosmopolitanism has reappeared strongly in contemporary social, cultural and political theory, usually referring to a realignment of cultural or political forms of attachment and belonging, or to the urgent need to reform the political foundations of international society. There is, however, a strong spatial bias in ongoing reconstructions of cosmopolitanism. One result of this is that the critical edge of cosmopolitan ideas is dissolved in the multiplication of superficial global identities and, especially, in a reified and ahistorical global present. As an alternative, this research note suggests the concept of chronopolitanism, which is developed as a theoretical as well as an ethical opening that reconfigures the search for a world political community in time and history. It is a move that has the explicit aim of extending social and political responsibilities to past, present, and future generations, as well as to the diversity of histories and rhythms of life that coexist in the global present.

Cwerner, S. B. (2001). "The Times of Migration." Ethnic and Racial Studies 27(1): 7-36.Migration
modernity
globalisation
Mobility across communities
Relevance: 2
nationalism
multiculturalism
U.K.
Brazil
Sociology
Asynchrony
multiple temporalities
inclusion/exclusion
time as missing element
methodology
national time
Transnational
nomadic communities
	Time and migration have become fundamental themes in recent debates about modernity, globalisation, mobility and other contemporary issues. However, the relationship between the two has rarely figured as an explicit object of research. And yet, the analysis of the mutual implications between migration and time can be crucial for the understanding of several theoretical and practical problems associated with immigration, nation-states and multicultural societies. This article examines some of the complex temporal dimensions of the migration process. It reveals that time has often appeared as an important dimension in various accounts of immigration. On the basis of empirical research conducted with a particular immigrant group, namely Brazilians in London, the article suggests a number of conceptual tools for the analysis of the temporal aspects of migration. This conceptual framework is based on the development of the notions of the strange, heteronomous, asynchronous, remembered, collage, liminal, diasporic and nomadic times of migration. Finally, I briefly discuss the relationship between these times, the nation-states' responses to immigration, and the constitution of new forms of transnational social and cultural practices.

Cwerner, S. B. (2004). "Faster, Faster and Faster: The Time Politics of Asylum in the UK." Time & Society 13(1): 71-88.Acceleration of time
politics
political time
U.K.
migration
globalisation
national time
Mobility across communities
temporal ordering
Synchronicity
time as tool for political legitimation
law
Simultaneity
Critical temporalities
homogenising present
Technology
Relevance: 2
territory
policy
global present
Asynchrony
	This article examines the time politics of asylum in the United Kingdom from the 1990s. It argues that the new phase of globalization of migration has challenged the nation-state’s traditional form of control over population movements in its territory. In the context of asylum policy in the UK, the state’s response has been one of attempting to reorder and re-synchronize the movements and fates of a fast-increasing number of asylum seekers. The main strategy has been to speed up the asylum process through new legislation and administrative procedures. The article analyses this strategy and examines the limits to this time politics of speed, arguing for new ways of appropriating a global simultaneity made possible by technological transformation in the light of nonsimultaneous processes unleashed by the global movement of people.

Czarnota, A. (2007). Sacrum, Profanum and Social Time: Quasi-Theological Reflections on Time and Reconciliation. Law and the Politics of Reconciliation. S. Veitch. Aldershot, Ashgate: 147-162.social time
ethics
political theory
law
Multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
Relevance: 2
Forgiveness
Sacred time
indigenous peoples
	not available

da Silva, J. P. (2009). "The tension between social time and individual time." Tempo Social 21(1): 35-50.social time
Labour time
orientation within time
values
aging
Philosophy
individual time
social time
Relevance: 2
temporal conflict
	The article explores the theme of time in the work of Andre Gorz, using this motif as a basis for understanding his conception of the relationship between individual and society. This aim in mind, it identifies and describes his three approaches to time: the first seeks to construct an axiology of values based on the three temporal dimensions (past, present and future); the second examines the relationship between time and aging; and the third deals with the time of work. After describing each of these three approaches, the article concludes by identifying the tension between social time and individual time in the author's theory, a tension that largely a-rises from a philosophical viewpoint that conceives individual and society as almost antagonistic entities.

Daly, K. J. (1996). Families and Time: Keeping Pace in a Hurried Culture. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.families
time spent with community
Acceleration of time
public and private time
coordinating between different times
time management
multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
conceptions of time
Methodology
life course
changing perceptions of time
history of changing perceptions of time
social time
Technology
generations
power
gender
labour time
care work
time scarcity
Relevance: 2
children/youth
	What is family time and what value do we place on it? How many families today have time to be families? How do families view, use, and seek to control time, and how successful are they at it? Caught between a public world speeding along on information superhighways and their own private desire to preserve the family as a rest stop, family members look for new and efficient ways to protect, control, and manage their time. The concept of time is central to the study of families and is used in several different ways: families have changed through history, families experience the passage of time as they age over the life course, and families negotiate time for being together. Families & Time is the first to synthesize these differing concepts of time into a broad theory of how families understand time. In this important volume, Kerry J. Daly examines time as a pervasive influence in the changing experimental world of families. The book opens with a discussion of the various ways time can be conceptualized, in general, followed by an examination of how families have experienced time throughout history. Subsequent chapters examine the social construction of time in families; as well as such specific topics as time and technology in the home; controlling time; and the societal, gender, and intergenerational politics of family time. Though at its heart a theoretical book, Families & Time consciously focuses on the practical aspects of this theory in understanding the power in the family, the family life cycle, and work/family conflicts. Scholars interested in the development of theory of the family, examining gender and work issues, and exploring various perspectives on time will find this book indispensable. "In this compelling portrayal of the patterns and politics of family time, author Kerry J. Daly has produced a masterpiece. Destined to become a classic, Families & Time will alert scholars across disciplines to the breadth and depth of interdisciplinary family studies. Accessible to everyone, Families & Time can be read for knowledge and pleasure, as a new contribution to family theory construction, a mediation on the pervasiveness and value of time in family experience, and a wellspring of creative ideas for families who want to gain control over their perceived loss of time in an accelerated society. Scrupulously documented in a writing style that combines metaphor, narrative, and empirical findings, Daly succeeds in offering a new consciousness and theory of family time. I will read and recommend this book to others over and over again." --Katherine R. Allen, Ph.D., Family and Child Development, Virginia Tech

Dauphinee, E. (2006). Proximity, Temporality, and Responsibility in International Relations. The Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association. Town & Country Resort and Convention Center, San Diego, California, USA.international Relations
mourning
Politics
Teleology
Progress
Coevalness
Synchronicity
ethics
temporally extended responsibilities
Responsibility
homogenising present
Trauma
multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
in/commensurability between times
violence
linear time
narrative
Levinas
embodiment
Relevance: 2
Affect
Asynchrony
Agamben
Butler
Face-to-face
	The social connectivity between humans appears to hinge on the condition of co-temporality in a teleology of progression which is essential to most theories of time. In other words, we are understood to experience time synchronously, yet also individually ? independently of one another. This has profound implications for ethics insofar as it limits the possibilities of responsibility to those whom we can locate as co-existent with us in time and space. The limitations of co-temporality are multiple and profound. For example, the conception of co-temporality disallows the question of how we respond to those who have already been lost to violence and war. It limits our ability to explore the fissure between 'normal time' and 'trauma time' (Edkins: 2003) and to theorize the ways in which these two temporalities inter-relate through the sharing of certain surfaces. Additionally, it is precisely the attempt to 'normalize' extreme violence through the resorting to 'normal' activity that illustrates the insidiousness of violence in our experience of the everyday (Agamben: 2001). Our metaphysical reliance on time as a linear phenomenon also prescribes the form of our activities and our sense of meaning within it. For example, our stories become time-based ? subject to particular forms of narrativity that can never contain all that we are or experience (Butler: 2003). Those narratives which cannot follow the accepted temporal requirements ? and these are particularly narratives associated with trauma and mourning ? are often dismissed as instances of unreality, delusion, or emotional illness. This paper explores the relationship between time and the hyperviolence associated with the mechanization of political murder. The paper will explore the Levinasian proposition that time is essentially an intersubjective, relational phenomenon which is absolutely exterior to the self, and which dwells in the ethical relationship of the face-to-face. This suggests that time is not static or uniform ? it suggests that time is altered by the experience of the body in pain or other kinds of extreme trauma.

Davison, G. (1993). The Unforgiving Minute: How Australians Learned to Tell the Time. Melbourne, Oxford UP.Australia
changing perceptions of time
Technology
history
colonialism
time discipline
Transport technologies
punctuality
labour time
modernity
Postmodernism
Relevance: 2
history of changing perceptions of time
time as tool for managing percieved threats
clocks
clock time
Acceleration of time
children/youth
time reckoning
	In asking how Australia learned to tell the time, Graeme Davison uncovers a surprising story. From ship's chronometers to digital clocks, from time-balls to time pips, from dreamtime to flexitime, clocks and time-keeping have been the quiet revolutionaries of Australian history. As the convict era drew to an end, the colonial governors looked to clocks as the mechanical policemen of an emerging free society. Fifty years later, as railways and telegraphs began to spread across the land, and pocket watches appeared on the waistcoats of working men, colonial society began to keep stricter hours of work and play, and to teach its children the virtue of punctuality. In the early 20th century, punch clocks and time-switches laid the basis for new patterns of work in the factory and the home. Now, in the 1990s, the "faceless clocks" in computers and automated control systems have created a "postmodern" time regime that is both more flexible, and more demanding, than its predecessors. Drawing on a wide range of theoretical insights and primary sources, "The Unforgiving Minute" offers an original interpretation of Australian history.

De Meyere, J. (2009). "The Care for the Present: Giorgio Agamben's Actualisation of the Pauline Messianic Experience." Bijdragen, Tijdschrift voor Filosofie en Theologie 70(2): 168-184.Agamben
Past in the present
Continental Philosophy
philosophy
Political community
Religion
present
Relevance: 2
sacred time
Messianic time
Shared present
religious communities
	According to Giorgio Agamben, the Messianic thinking of Saint Paul opens a new way of understanding our human existence. Paul's 'the time of the now' is a specific experience of time in which new possibilities of conceiving human life are unfolded. Agamben furthermore argues that we should not interpret the Pauline letters as testimonies of the past, but rather as texts that point to a radical contemporary experience. In this article, this radical actualization of the Pauline heritage is analyzed. It is argued that Agamben infuses Pauline thinking in his own understanding of contemporary political life. By applying a methodology of (Messianic) displacement to both the contemporary experience of human political life and the past Messianic experience of Pauline community, a new interpretation of the human form of life is introduced by Agamben. This new form of life testifies of a nonrepresentable human residue beyond every possible political representational act. This human residue is according to Agamben the true 'subject' of a new political <EM>ethos</EM>. In his philosophical thinking, Paul's 'time of the now' thereby becomes a Messianic possibility of our own 'present' or our own current historical moment. (edited)

Decker, J. L. (1993). "The State of Rap: Time and Place in Hip Hop Nationalism." Social Text(34): 53-84.music
nationalism
Counter modernity
Counter traditions
inclusion/exclusion
Critical temporalities
inclusion/exclusion
myth
future orientation
past orientation
orientation within time
past in the present
Relevance: 2
history
national time
Africa
USA
	not available - from the text:  While the notion of time is central to sixties-inspired nationalism, the idea of place has heightened importance for Afrocentric nationalism. Sixties-inspired hip hop, espoused by rap groups such as Public Enemy, is time conscious to the degree that it appropriates the language of organized black revolts from the 1960s around the concept of "nation time." Afrocentric rap, which can be found in the music of XClan, reclaims the ancient Egyptian empire as the African origin in order to generate racial pride and awareness in the struggle over injustice in America. I am interested in the ways in which rap music uses the language of nation to rearticulate a history of racial oppression and struggle which can energize the movement toward black empowerment and independence. Rap groups espousing a black nationalist sound, image, and message draw from both recent struggles that anticipate the coming of the black nation (nation time) and a mythical attitude toward an immemorial African nation (nation place). Nationalism is defined by the ambivalent relationship between these two tendencies- that is, a simultaneous looking forward and backward.

Deeb, L. (2009). "Emulating and/or Embodying the Ideal: The Gendering of Temporal Frameworks and Islamic Role Models in Shi'i Lebanon." American Ethnologist 36(2): 242-257.Middle East
Religion
scheduling
history
gender
Anthropology
Islam
commemorative events
multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
Method: ethnography
time as symbolic resource
past in the present
coordinating between different times
transnational
politics
	In this article, I discuss two of the major temporal frameworks that pious Shi'i Muslims in Lebanon draw on, as seen through the example of the Battle of Karbala, its annual commemoration during Ashura, and the work that the religious figures Imam Husayn and Sayyida Zaynab do in linking history to the contemporary moment. I suggest that, to fully understand how these two temporalities work, it is necessary to attend to the ways in which they are differently gendered. I conclude by proposing explanations for that gendering that take into account both the Ashura history itself and contemporary local and transnational political contingencies.

Denzin, N. K. (1987). "Under the Influence of Time: Reading the Interactional Text." The Sociological Quarterly 28(3): 327-341.Sociology
experiential time
cinema
temporal ordering
psychology
time as missing element
Critique of discipline
Relevance: 2
History
time as missing element
social psychology
	This article examines the phenomenon of first-time throughness, which speaks to how social events are experienced in real, interactional time. Multiple readings of the made-for-television film Under the Influence (Green 1986), are presented. These readings are used as evidence to support the conclusion that the lived orderliness of everyday life rests on the sense of history that first-time throughness gives to problematic and taken-for-granted interactional experiences. It is argued that contemporary social psychological theory ignores the temporal features of social life.

Derrida, J. (1994). Spectres of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International. New York and London, Routledge.Marxism
History
Derrida
Deconstruction
Continental Philosophy
Philosophy
Memory
Relevance: 2
Political theory
Heritage
Mourning
Untimely
Unpredictibility
temporally extended responsibilities
what might have been
	Written in the aftermath of the fall of the Berlin Wall and within the context of a critique of a "new world order" that proclaims the death of Marx and Marxism, Jacques Derrida undertakes a reading of Marx's "spectropoetics" -- his obsession with ghosts, specters and spirits. Derrida argues that there is more than one spirit of Marx and that it is the responsibility of his heirs -- we are all heirs of Marx -- to sift through the possible legacies, the possible spirits, reaffirming one and not the other. He leads beyond the deafening disavowal of Marx today, a disavowal he sees as an attempt to exorcise Marx's ghost. Specters of Marx represents renowned philosopher Jacques Derrida's first major work on Marx and his definitive entry into social and political philosophy.

Derrida, J. (1997). Politics of Friendship. London, Verso.Continental Philosophy
politics
Derrida
Philosophy
Political theory
Political community
futurity
history
open future
Relevance: 2
heritage
friendship
Unpredictibility
non-homogeneous community
gender
imagined futures
Aristotle
Democracy
what is not yet
Kant
Nietzsche
	O, my friends, there is no friend.' The most influential of contemporary philosophers explores the idea of friendship and its political consequences, past and future. Until relatively recently, Jacques Derrida was seen by many as nothing more than the high priest of Deconstruction, by turns stimulating and fascinating, yet always somewhat disengaged from the central political questions of our time. Or so it seemed. Derrida's 'political turn,' marked especially by the appearance of Specters of Marx , has surprised some and delighted others. In The Politics of Friendship Derrida renews and enriches this orientation through an examination of the political history of the idea of friendship pursued down the ages. Derrida's thoughts are haunted throughout the book by the strange and provocative address attributed to Aristotle, 'my friends, there is no friend' and its inversions by later philosophers such as Montaigne, Kant, Nietzsche, Schmitt and Blanchot. The exploration allows Derrida to recall and restage the ways in which all the oppositional couples of Western philosophy and political thought'friendship and enmity, private and public life ' have become madly and dangerously unstable. At the same time he dissects genealogy itself, the familiar and male-centered notion of fraternity and the virile virtue whose authority has gone unquestioned in our culture of friendship and our models of democracy The future of the political, for Derrida, becomes the future of friends, the invention of a radically new friendship, of a deeper and more inclusive democracy. This remarkable book, his most profoundly important for many years, offers a challenging and inspiring vision of that future.

Deutscher, P. (2006). "Repetition Facility: Beauvior on Women's Time." Australian Feminist Studies 21(51): 327-342.repetition
philosophy
Beauvoir
gender
women's time
women
feminism
open future
Relevance: 2
women's time
Routines
home
public and private time
reproductive time
Unpredictibility
social Change
progress
critical temporalities
care work
	In her 1940s discussions of domestication and women, the theme of repetition encompasses some of her most effective and celebrated material (her denunciation of the tedium of housework) and also some of the material most repudiated by critics (her reservations about maternity). As we listen to the problem posed by repetition in both cases, it becomes clear that the theoretical languages used to formulate the problem are not identical. A series of tensions is introduced into Beauvoir's work, between an account of repetition considered intrinsically problematic for women and others, and Beauvoir's concurrent stress on freedom and transcendence. Beauvoir never relinquishes the view that forms of resistance are always available to women. In identifying women, like all humans, with transcendence, the question arises as to how that transcendence is to be located in forms of repetition as they are lived by women, as compared to its expression in the progressive projects that might provide alternatives for, or new meanings to, repetitive lives. It is Beauvoir herself who argues that repetition can never be repetition, but Beauvoir also who is inclined to depict a merely repetitive life, or formation, so as to consider its possible social alternatives. 

Dhareshwar, V. (1995). "'Our Time': History, Sovereignty and Politics." Economic and Political Weekly 30(6): 317-324.History
Postcolonialism
Political theory
relevance: 2
politics
Modernity
counter modernity
Democratic present
	If the modernist injunction has been to make the present an object of reflection and to make ourselves the object of interrogation, the question for post-colonials is, what does it mean to be modern? This paper raises questions about how the political present theorises itself, focusing on three concepts - history, sovereignty and the subject. It is argued that deploying the problematic of community should enable us to delineate the conceptual limits of the political languages of modernity and to show the impasses of post-modernity as well as the reflexive possibilities of the political present.

Dharwadker, A. B. (2008). "Mohan Rakesh, Modernism, and the Postcolonial Present." South Central Review 25(1): 136-162.postcolonialism
modernity
Temporal distancing
literary theory
literature
India
critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
epochalism
cosmopolitanism
nationalism
	Mohan Rakesh, Modernism, and the Postcolonial Present": The fin-de-siécle critical project of redefining the spatio-temporal boundaries of modernism has lately gathered new momentum by taking up the question of modernism's relation to colonialism and postcolonialism. Appearing at the intersection of modernist studies and postcolonial studies, important recent essays by Simon Gikandi, Susan Stanford Friedman, Ariela Freedman, and others argue for a recovery of the global networks of twentieth-century modernism that is predicated on cultural interflows rather than a unidirectional and hierarchical relation between the Western center and its non-Western peripheries. Linked by the emerging concept of "geomodernism," the new approaches, however, continue to privilege Western locations and the European languages, especially English, as the primary sites of modernity, often relegating non-Western spaces and non-Europhone works to the status of "vernacular" art.

This essay extends the reach of geomodernism through a discussion of Mohan Rakesh (1925-1972), the iconic post-independence playwright in India's majority language, Hindi, and one of India's leading twentieth-century authors, irrespective of genre and language. As a member of the first generation of Indian-language writers whose careers unfolded after political independence in 1947, Rakesh exemplifies many of the larger literary, political, and cultural relations (and ruptures) that are seminal to any discussion of Indian modernism—those between colonial and postcolonial modernities, indigenous traditions and Western influences, the Indian languages and English, bourgeois-romantic nationalism and ironic individualism, Left ideology and a skeptical humanism, nationalism, and cosmopolitanism, center and periphery, village and city. Approaching him as a paradigmatic figure, the essay first considers the concepts of modernity and modernism as they emerge at the levels of taxonomy, theory, and practice in Indian literature and culture after the mid-nineteenth century, providing a conceptual framework for successive generations of pre- and post-independence writers. It then examines the modernist positions that appear in Rakesh's theory and criticism over the course of his career, especially in his arguments about creativity, authorship, form, content, and language. Finally, the essay offers a reading of Rakesh's last full-length play, Adhe adhure (The Unfinished, 1969), as a drama of urban dysfunction which combines realism with several structural innovations to accommodate the psychodrama of home and family—the privileged narrative of realism in modern Western theatre—to the Indian metropolis. The playwright becomes visible in these sequential analyses as a cosmopolitan modernist fully cognizant of Western movements but also fully committed to an indigenized aesthetic, his cosmopolitanism inhering precisely in the cultural ambidexterity of his vision. If Rakesh's linguistic medium is not that of the Western imperial metropolis, it is a medium with its own thousand-year imperial and metropolitan history; and if his modernism is furthest from the Anglo-European center in terms of geography, language, and cultural codes, it is proximate enough in theoretical, aesthetic, and political terms to constitute an important formation within geomodernism.

Dijk, R. v. (1998). Pentecostalism, Cultural Memory and the State: Contested Representations of Time in Postcolonial Malawi. Memory and the postcolony : African anthropology and the critique of power. R. Werbner. London, Zed Books: 155-181.postcolonialism
religion
Collective memory
Malawi
Africa
futurity
separation from the past
past in the present
Utopia
Christianity
Relevance: 2
Modernity
future orientation
Anthropology
	In various parts of Africa, Pentecostalism underscores the necessity for its members to make a complete break with the past. Although Pentecostalism speaks a language of modernity in which there is a past-inferior versus a present-superior dichotomy whereby the believer is prompted to sever all ties with former social relations in the search for new individuality, it would be a mistake to argue that Pentecostalism stops here. On the contrary, the author argues that because the moment of instant rebirth is seen as the power base from which new future orientations are constructed, Pentecostalism may swing in different modalities from a disembedding of the subject from past social relations to a re-embedding in relations with a different temporal orientation. This is illustrated by the case of the Pentecostalist movement of 'Abadwa Mwatsopano' (Born Again) in urban areas of Malawi, and most of all in the largest city, Blantyre. This movement rose against the official discourse in Malawi, which fetishes the remembrance of the country's cultural past. Conversion narratives of young fundamentalists remember the past only to deny it. For the Born Again movement, the truth lies with a Christian future, utopian in its emancipatory promise

Diner, D. (1998). "Nation, Migration, and Memory: On Historical Concepts of Citizenship." Constellations: An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory 4(3): 293-306.nationalism
Migration
Memory
Democracy
Political theory
social theory
history
past in the present
present
Collective memory
Relevance: 2
citizenship
democratic present
history
epistemology
political community
	The article deals with the historical and mnemonic preconditions of the concept of citizenship. It distinguishes between Western-type political culture based on the notion of "present political time," versus cultures constructed on different past times. The common distinction of ethnos and demos is explained by layers of historical memory. In this context, memory is re-evaluated as an epistemological concept in the realm of the political claim embedded in citizenship. 

Dinshaw, C., L. Edelman, et al. (2007). "Theorizing Queer Temporalities: A Roundtable Discussion." GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 13(2-3): 177-195.queer temporalities
history
inclusion/exclusion
philosophy
Collective memory
Relevance: 2
literary theory
Reproductive time
generations
Queer theory
Halberstam
	not available

Diprose, R. (2009). "Women's Bodies Giving Time for Hospitality." Hypatia 24(2): 378-399.political theory
Gender
Derrida
levinas
time scarcity
Arendt
natality
Agency
non-homogeneous community
feminist theory
home
labour time
Temporality of academic work
Relevance: 2
Philosophy
Continental Philosophy
hospitality
political time
care work
women's time
open future
Tradition
temporal inequality
	This paper explores the gendered and temporal dimensions of the political ontology of hospitality that Derrida has developed from Levinas's philosophy. The claim is that, while hospitality per se takes time, the more that hospitality becomes conditional under conservative political forces, the more that the time it takes is given by women without acknowledgment or support. The analysis revisits Hannah Arendt's claim that central to the human condition and democratic plurality is disclosure of “natality” (innovation or the birth of the new). This can be described as accounting for the “temporalisation of time”: the disruption of the past (cultural tradition) in the present that is a condition of agency and political hospitality. On the other hand, the unpredictability and instability of human affairs that this temporalization of time engenders can, in times of heightened insecurity and fear, give birth to political conservatism that would contain “natality” and dampen the hospitality that characterizes democratic pluralism. The paper examines the connection between this idea of the temporalization of time and feminist observations, overlooked by Arendt, that “lived time” is gendered, that is, that the condition of “natality” and political hospitality is an unacknowledged stability provided by women giving lived time to others, beginning with reproduction in the “home.” The inequities that result are exacerbated, and democracy is further compromised, if this re-gendering of domestic space is accompanied by the deregularization of labor time.

Dobson, L. (2005). "Time, Travel and Political Communities: Transportation and Travel Routes in Sixth- and Seventh-century Northumbria." The Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe 8(3).Transport technologies
England
U.K.
coastal communities
history
Technology
Geography
Relevance: 2
political community
changing perceptions of time
time as resource
	 History informs us that the political relationships members of the Northumbrian elite sought to cultivate during the sixth to the seventh centuries tended to be situated around
the eastern coastline of England rather than among their seemingly contiguous inland neighbors. It has been suggested that this would seem to indicate a preference for maritime
travel. However, questions of navigability of waterways and ship technology are paramount. This paper seeks to combine a desktop survey of the northeast coast of Britain and its
attendant inland waterways with an overview of Anglo-Saxon ship technology to compare the estimated travel times by the various routes available, i.e., land and sea, in order to place the politico-religious relationships formed by the Northumbrian elite during the sixth and seventh centuries into a geographical context.

Domingues, J. M. (1995). "Sociological Theory and the Space-Time Dimension of Social Systems." Time & Society 4(2): 233-250.sociology
time and space
Agency
methodology
Systems Theory
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
causality
Subjectivity
homogenising present
Kant
Newton
	This article identifies the traditional Newtonian-Kantian definition of time and space in sociology and argues that, although certain important steps have been taken to overcome this outdated view, these novel perspectives have remained undeveloped as regards social systems. Accordingly, an approach is proposed that centres on the space-time dimension of social systems and their variable configuration. The article introduces the notions of `collective subjectivity' and `collective causality' so as to surpass the view of agents as atoms that move in homogeneous time and space. A critical assessment is thereby provided of the main recent contributions to this topic in sociological theory.

Donaldson, M. (1996). "The End of Time? Aboriginal Temporality and the British Invasion of Australia." Time & Society 5(2): 187-207.Australia
cultural variants of time
Changing perceptions of time
linear time
inclusion/exclusion
Coevalness
capitalism
Critical temporalities
Counter modernity
time use
Continuity over time
labour time
Counter traditions
Relevance: 2
Standardisation
indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
Asynchrony
western imperialism
history
history of changing perceptions of time
	Many of the best studies of time have been concerned with the transitions from one temporal order to another, and in particular the origins and the pervasive global impact of metric time. This focus risks attributing a facticity and durability to capitalist time at the expense of other temporalities. This study counterbalances this problem by exploring the time use and `Dreamtime' of Australian Aborigines, from pre-history, through the British invasion to the present day. Despite the massive disruptions in temporal order, significant continuities are revealed.

Donham, D. L. (2001). "Thinking Temporally or Modernizing Anthropology." American Anthropologist 103(1): 134-149.Anthropology
History
methodology
Christianity
Africa
non-linear time
Postcolonialism
agency
narrative
multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
critique of discipline
colonialism
homogenising present
historical time
critical temporalities
capitalism
	Recent changes within social and cultural anthropology have made history a key issue, but in this essay I argue that the field has yet to develop the resources that are required to deal with temporality. This point is made through an extended examination of Jean and John Comaroff's work on Christianity and colonialism in southern Africa. Arguably, the Comaroffs read history backward and then present its unfolding as a kind of inexorable logic. In doing so, they homogenize missionary and Tswana "cultures" and attribute agency to abstractions rather than to people acting in particular material contexts. In contrast, I argue for a narrative approach to historical anthropological explanation. The emergent qualities of events - and the variable ways in which capitalism, hegemony, Protestantism, and vernacular modernisms relate - require narrative for explanation, narrative that encompasses within itself the narratives of social actors themselves.

Dowling, M. B. (2003). "A Time to Regender:The Transformation of Roman Time." KronoScope 3(2): 169-183.history
Religion
time as tool for political legitimation
Multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
gender
women's time
eternity
sacred time
national time
political time
time as symbolic resource
Christianity
Monuments
	At the end of the first century A.D., at the height of the Roman empire, a new abstract deity of eternal time, Aeternitas, appeared. This first discrete personification of abstract time was initially a female image represented on official coins and monuments, but in A.D. 121, a new male personification of eternal time appeared in imperial, state sponsored art. Both male and female depictions of eternal time were accompanied by a rich array of attributes that connected eternity, immortality, and earthly prosperity. This change in the image of time occurred simultaneously with tremendous changes in Roman culture: the creation of universal time keeping, the creation of elaborate beliefs in the afterlife, and transformations in Romans' expectations of life, lead to the embodiment of an ideal of eternity in the personification Aeternitas, and explain the radical transformations in her/his iconography. It is through a study of the representation of time that we identify a profound reenvisioning of the nature of time in Western thought, when human temporal and metaphysical experiences of time were expanded, laying the foundation for the successful spread of the Christian conceptions of eternal blissful time after the apocalypse. 

Drichel, S. (2008). "The Time of Hybridity." Philosophy and Social Criticism 34(6): 587-615.Hybrid identity
politics
New Zealand
Political theory
Postcolonialism
Bhabha
ethics
Relevance: 2
cultural studies
time as missing element
political time
philosophy
Levinas
	Homi Bhabha's idea of hybridity is one of postcolonialism's most keenly debated -- and most widely misunderstood -- concepts. My article provides some elucidation in the increasingly reductive debates over hybridity in postcolonial studies, suggesting that what is commonly overlooked in these debates is hybridity's complex relationship to temporality. I suggest that this relationship is not given the credit it deserves often enough, resulting in skewed discussions of hybridity as simply (and mistakenly) another form of syncretism. In focusing on the 'time of hybridity' in the context of a bicultural politics in Aotearoa/New Zealand, I draw renewed attention to hybridity's investment in temporality as that which both enables a postcolonial politics and shifts these politics into the realm of (Levinasian) ethics, creating an as yet largely unexplored phenomenon which Leela Gandhi has referred to, in a fortuitous phrase, as an 'ethics of hybridity'.

Edelman, L. (2004). No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive. Durham, NC, Duke University Press.Queer temporalities
queer theory
Historical time
history
Reproductive time
The future
futurity
inclusion/exclusion
Critical temporalities
Psychoanalysis
literary theory
Cinema
generations
Relevance: 2
Absence of future
children/youth
time as symbolic resource
literature
	In this searing polemic, Lee Edelman outlines a radically uncompromising new ethics of queer theory. His main target is the all-pervasive figure of the child, which he reads as the linchpin of our universal politics of “reproductive futurism.” Edelman argues that the child, understood as innocence in need of protection, represents the possibility of the future against which the queer is positioned as the embodiment of a relentlessly narcissistic, antisocial, and future-negating drive. He boldly insists that the efficacy of queerness lies in its very willingness to embrace this refusal of the social and political order. In No Future, Edelman urges queers to abandon the stance of accommodation and accede to their status as figures for the force of a negativity that he links with irony, jouissance, and, ultimately, the death drive itself.

Closely engaging with literary texts, Edelman makes a compelling case for imagining Scrooge without Tiny Tim and Silas Marner without little Eppie. Looking to Alfred Hitchcock’s films, he embraces two of the director’s most notorious creations: the sadistic Leonard of North by Northwest, who steps on the hand that holds the couple precariously above the abyss, and the terrifying title figures of The Birds, with their predilection for children. Edelman enlarges the reach of contemporary psychoanalytic theory as he brings it to bear not only on works of literature and film but also on such current political flashpoints as gay marriage and gay parenting. Throwing down the theoretical gauntlet, No Future reimagines queerness with a passion certain to spark an equally impassioned debate among its readers.

Edensor, T. (2006). "Reconsidering National Temporalities: institutional times, everyday routines, serial spaces and synchronicities." European Journal of Social Theory 9(4): 525-545.social theory
nationalism
national time
organisational temporalities
routines
temporal ordering
synchronicity
Repetition
habits
non-linear time
Tradition
narrative
Critical temporalities
Belonging
Scheduling
shared present
Cyclical time
globalisation
identity
Relevance: 2
assumptions about time obscuring x
global present
	This article attempts to foreground the importance of everyday life and habit to the reproduction of national identities. Taking issue with dominant linear depictions of the time of the nation, which have over-emphasized ‘official’ histories, tradition and heroic narratives, this article foregrounds the everyday rhythms through which a sense of national belonging is sustained. The article focuses upon institutionalized schedules, habitual routines, collective synchronicities and serialized time-spaces to develop an argument that quotidian, cyclical time is integral to national identity. In conclusion, accounts that discuss the increasing dominance of a postmodern global time are argued to be hyperbolic, since the nation remains a powerful, if more flexible constituent of identity.

Eder, K. (2004). "The Two Faces of Europeanization: Synchronizing a Europe Moving at Varying Speeds " Time & Society 13(1): 89-107.Synchronicity
multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
Europe
social time
organisational temporalities
Shared present
time as symbolic resource
time as tool for political legitimation
Standardisation
Acceleration of time
Relevance: 2
Asynchrony
Social coordination
	Non-synchronous events are constitutive for the social. Every society has to institutionalize synchronicity over time to make a social order of the present possible. A social world of discontinuity (i.e. a non-synchronized world) is amended by a semantics of simultaneity (i.e. a synchronized world) which makes the non-synchronous appear as synchronous. From this follows that synchronicity is a necessary illusion. Cultures of synchronicity are powerful symbolic representations. The case of the New Europe is a particularly striking case. It synchronizes by standardization and by the timing of standardization which generates non-synchronicity at increasing speed. This is called the first face of Europeanization. The New Europe has to legitimate its non-synchronicity and make it appear as synchronicity. This is called the second face of Europeanization. Thus a culture emerges in which non-synchronicity and synchronicity are constructed simultaneously.

Edidin, B. M. (1946). "Released Time in the Jewish Community." Religious Education 41: 16-19.time allocation
time use
education
religion
USA
national time
inclusion/exclusion
Judaism
Relevance: 2
families
	discusses why Jewish families did not make use of 'released time' for religious instruction, particularly in contrast to Catholic and Anglican families. Issues of state/religious divide discussed. 

Effie, R. (2008). "Stranger in the City: Self and Urban Space in the Work of Nicolas Calas." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 26(2): 283-309.Greece
urban communities
identity
nationalism
Anderson
Synchronicity
Migration
cities
imagined futures
time and space
literature
modernity
USA
Communication
relevance: 2
Geography
	Not available - intro instead: Those concerned with national identity construe self-perception in relation to an “imagined community” interacting with an (imagined) national geoinlineal space. In the case of migrant intellectuals, however, self-perception may be determined by a space that is imagined, but does not necessarily coincide with the geography of the nation. Cities as modern, transnational spaces within national territories become during the twentieth century the home of many who, propelled by their own desire or by history, migrate from one place to the other. The modern metropolis is often the real and imagined space that forms the relation between self and community. As Raymond Williams remarks “[i]t is a [End Page 283] very striking feature of many Modernist and avant-garde movements that they were not only located in the great metropolitan centers but that so many of their members were immigrants into these centers, where in some new ways all were strangers” (1989:77). Cities are also the place in which intellectual activity and artistic experimentation reach their height, providing the context for new types of encounter. James Clifford, reflecting precisely on this aspect of cities, points out that the surrealist Paris of the 1920s and the 1930s could be “rewritten” as a place of transient encounters and that cities “could be understood as specific, powerful sites of dwelling/traveling” (1997:30). The symbiotic relationship between the modernist and avant-garde aesthetic and the urban environment magnifies the general metropolitan consciousness that emerged with modernity.2  Writing in, for, and about the city was a common practice for modernists and avant-garde writers alike; it was also a kind of rewriting of the self in relation to a specific space.3

Placing Nicolas Calas (1907–1988) against this background provides an illuminating way to understand the poet, whose identity was largely formed by cities. His writings illustrate the important movement from the national to the urban as the frame that determines his migrant identity. I follow Calas’s perception of Athens and New York, the two cities essential to his life and work that punctuate his writings and, in direct or oblique ways, mirror each other in a game that is played out in two languages, Greek and English, and unfolds in poems and theoretical and critical texts.4 His changing representations of himself reflect changes in the urban experience as it was lived by an intellectual who can be said to represent a generation that underwent migrations and experienced the turmoil of making the modern city its home. With each relocation, Calas reconfigures himself through his perception of each (imagined) city. This two-part relationship—imaginary of the city and perception of the self—are illustrated by Calas’s representations of three landmarks, two from Athens and one from New York: Omonia Square, the Acropolis, and Radio City. Through these landmarks, Calas’s perception of spatiality and temporality in the two cities is considered in ways that demonstrate how these conceptualizations of time and space affected his perception of the self. Finally, this changing self-representation is discussed in relation to some of the personae that Calas adopts. Figures of strangers and strange figures that appear throughout his work will help us problematize the type of identity that emerges from the urban consciousness.

Eisenlohr, P. (2006). Little India: diaspora, time, and ethnolinguistic belonging in Hindu Mauritius. Berkley and Los Angeles, California, University of California Press.method: ethnography
Anthropology
language
Diaspora
shared past
Religion
history
nationalism
ethnicity
Relevance: 2
Belonging
communication
language
Migration
home
Hinduism
Mauritius
	From the back cover: Little India is a rich historical and ethnographic examination of a fascinating example of linguistic plurality on the island of Mauritius, where more than two-thirds of the population is of Indian ancestry. Patrick Eisenlohr's groundbreaking study focuses on the formation of diaspora as mediated through the cultural phenomenon of Indian ancestral languages--principally Hindi, which is used primarily in religious contexts. Eisenlohr emphasizes the variety of cultural practices that construct and transform boundaries in communities in diaspora and illustrates different modes of experiencing the temporal relationships between diaspora and homeland.

Elchardus, M. and W. Smits (2006). "The Persistence of the Standardized Life Cycle." Time & Society 15(2-3): 303-326.Standardisation
life course
Cyclical time
sequence
temporal boundaries
normativity
inclusion/exclusion
temporal inequality
Method: surveys
Relevance: 2
timing
continuity over time
Belgium
europe
	This article investigates to what degree the standardized life cycle has been replaced by an individualized life course, characterized by the absence of a strict sequence and timing of life's transitions. In order to measure the normative position of people, rather than the external conditions to which they are subject, the test is based on the ideal life course or life cycle as described by a purely random sample of 4666 inhabitants of Belgium, aged 18 to 36. The available evidence overwhelmingly points towards the persistence of a standardized ideal life cycle, characterized by a strict sequence and timing of the important transitions.

Elder Jr, G. H. (1994). "Time, Human Agency, and Social Change: Perspectives on the Life Course." Social Psychology Quarterly 57(1): 4-15.Agency
social Change
psychology
Sociology
life course
Generations
aging
Relevance: 2
	The life course has emerged over the past 30 years as a major research paradigm. Distinctive themes include the relation between human lives and a changing society, the timing of lives, linked or interdependent lives, and human agency. Two lines of research converged in the formation of this paradigm during the 1960s; one was associated with an older "social relationship" tradition that featured intergenerational studies, and the other with more contemporary thinking about age. The emergence of a life course paradigm has been coupled with a notable decline in socialization as a research framework and with its incorporation by other theories. Also, the field has seen an expanding interest in how social change alters people's lives, an enduring perspective of sociological social psychology.

Elias, N. (1998). Time and Timing. On Civilization, Power, and Knowledge: Selected Writings. Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press: 253-268.sociology
methodology
Relevance: 2
social time
Timing
etiquette
art
Middle Ages
Norbert Elias
	not available:  from back of the book:  Nobert Elias (1897-1990) is among the great sociologists of the twentieth century. Born in Germany, Elias earned a doctorate in philosophy and then turned to sociology, working with Max Weber's younger brother, Alfred Weber, and with Karl Mannheim. He later fled the Nazi regime in 1935 and spent most of his life in Britain. He is best known for his book, The Civilizing Process, wherein he traces the subtle changes in manners among the European upper classes since the Middle Ages, and shows how those seemingly innocuous changes in etiquette reflected profound transformations of power relations in society. He later applied these insights to a wide range of subjects, from art and culture to the control of violence, the sociology of sports, the development of knowledge and the sciences, and the methodology of sociology. This volume is a carefully chosen collection of Elias's most important writings and includes many of his most brilliant ideas. The development of Elias's thinking during the course of his long career is traced along with a discussion of how his work relates to other major sociologists and how the various selections are interconnected. The result is a consistent and stimulating look at one of sociology's founding thinkers.

Elliott, J. (2004). Politics out of time: Feminism, futurity and the end of history. English. New Brunswick, Rutgers. PhD.feminist theory; literature; literary theory; Political theory; political time; futurity; Static time; history; narrative; modernity; Relevance: 2; women's time; gender; time as symbolic resource; historical time; political time; homogenising present; Democratic present; epistemology; politics; feminism
	This disseration explores the ways in which 1970s popular feminist narrative worked to offer temporal solutions to the political dilemmas posed by what has been called the 'end of history'. I argue that second wave feminism's inception in the late 1960s conincided wiht the demise of modern historical time associated with postmodernity. Analyzing historical narratives of the 1960s, theories of political time, and 1970s popular feminist novels, I suggest that second wave feminism was positioned in the western imagination as simultaneously a cause of and a cure for the demise of modern time. I read white women's libearation discourse as a symptom of the widespread needs its stories met, arguing that central among these was the need to supercede a perceived breakdown in political time and generate new access to positive futurity. I coin the phrase 'static time' to describe this temporal breakdown, which I argue entrail an overriding sense of simultaneous temporal and epistemological closure....

Elliott, J. (2008). Popular Feminist Fiction as American Allegory: Representing National Time. Basingstoke, Palgrave.USA
narrative
feminism
futurity
future
Literary theory
literature
postmodernism
gender
Relevance: 2
national time
feminist theory
time as symbolic resource
political time
Absence of future
Trauma
	Offering a strikingly original treatment of feminist literature, Popular Feminist Fiction as American Allegory argues that feminist novels served as a means of narrating and negotiating the perceived decline of American progress after the 1960s. Elliott analyzes popular tropes ranging from the white middle class housewife trapped in endless domestic labor to the woman of color haunted by a traumatic past--exploring the way in which feminist narratives represented women as unable to access positive futures. In a powerful new reading of temporality in contemporary fiction, Elliott posits that feminism’s image of women trapped in time operated as a potent allegory for the apparent breakdown of futurity in postmodernity.

Elliott, J. (2008). "Stepford U.S.A.: Second-Wave Feminism, Domestic Labor, and the Representation of National Time." Cultural Critique(70): 32-62.feminism; Generations; labour time; home; nationalism; national time; reproductive time; temporal boundaries; Critical temporalities; inclusion/exclusion; literary theory; futurity; literature; Assumptions about time obscuring x; Gender; political time; Activism; Counter traditions; Progress; Teleology; historical time; imagined futures; USA; Repetition
Relevance: 2; temporality of academic work; Beauvoir; care work; history; Urban communities; politics
	not available - from the text: Significant critical attention was expended on the connection between feminism and time in the late 1990s and first years of the twenty-first century. Various essays investigated the uneasy relationship between different feminist generations, the dangers inherent in using reproductive metaphors to signal the persistence (or lack thereof) of feminism across time, and the implications of describing contemporary feminism through an apocalyptic image of violent closure.1 With very few exceptions, this criticism pinpointed the temporal tropes at work in contemporary feminist discourse in an attempt to generate new ways to approach the current state of academic feminism.2 This joint focus on both the contemporary moment and academic feminism made perfect sense, given the steady eradication of popular feminism as anything other than the absent cause of a backlash that now seems perpetual. Devoid of any feeling of feminist propulsion, the present appeared as a crisis situation, requiring an immediate intervention by academic feminism—that is, by the only feminism that seems to be left to intervene...In contrast, this essay argues that the current state of feminism, and by extension our current dilemmas, owes much to the role popular feminism played when it thrived, a role that I will argue had everything to do with the popular feminist temporalities evolved in the 1970s. In order to map these temporalities, I return to an iconic popular feminist text of the decade, The Stepford Wives, as represented by Ira Levin's 1972 novel and the 1975 film...As I will argue in detail below, this popular version of feminist politics centers on the temporalized dilemmas of the white, middle-class suburban housewife. 5 In particular, The Stepford Wives offers visions of housewifery reminiscent of the critiques offered a decade earlier in bestsellers by Simone de Beauvoir and Betty Friedan, in which housewives are seen as trapped in a nightmarish life of pointless repetition. ...Yet if 1970s activist feminism was never as limited to white, middle-class women as some accounts assume, it becomes all the more imperative to consider how and why the vision of feminism offered by such texts as The Stepford Wives came to substitute for this more complex history in the popular imagination. In particular, I will argue that the prominence of this strain of popular feminism must be understood not only in terms of the often painful failures of feminist politics but also in terms of the purposes this discourse served, the overarching ideological needs that it filled in mainstream American culture, some of which were only peripherally connected to gender politics....The most crucial of these needs, I will argue, arose from the post 1960s weakening of narratives of inevitable national progress and the associated perception of a temporal dead end often referred to as "the end of history." Feminism's relationship with teleological, progressive historical time has been a topic of frequent debate since the 1970s.9 However, even those who warn against feminism's affiliation with this vision of historical time often assume that this temporal mode is there for the taking, persisting as a kind of siren song for a post-structuralist feminism determined to resist teleology's seductions.... In the discussion that follows, I suggest that this concurrence is crucial to understanding the relationship between feminism and time that so much recent work has sought to define. I argue in particular that one of the central powers of popular feminist discourse was its ability to offer the American national imagination a flexible yet ideologically charged vocabulary for allegorizing both the apparent loss of historical progress and the possibility of its retrieval....However,when feminist progress is used as evidence that the West is more advanced than other parts of the globe, we glimpse the way in which feminism can take on symbolic freight within the West as well, becoming entangled with internal narratives regarding national development or the lack thereof. When the possibility and desirability of feminist transformation became a subject of intense interest in late-twentieth-century American popular culture, feminist discourse became increasingly available as an arena for negotiating such questions about national transformation. In particular, I will suggest that, much as the heroine's trajectory to marriage provided a means to explore the changing class structure of England in eighteenth-century and nineteenth-century courtship novels, mainstream feminism's fixation on the housewife's Sisyphean labors offered a means of narrating the perceived breakdown of American progress after the 1960s.12 In offering this reading, I will ask not what historical time can (or cannot) do for feminism, but rather what feminism has done for historical time.

Escobedo, A. (1997). "The book of martyrs: Apocalyptic time in the narrative of the nation." Prose Studies: History, Theory, Criticism 20(2): 1-17.literary theory
historical time
narrative
apocalypse
temporal boundaries
social change
nationalism
history
Religion
Agency
temporal conflict
national time
imagined futures
futurity
fate
Relevance: 2
absence of future
rhetoric
	not available - from the text:  While these scholars are certainly right to reject Haller's elect nation thesis, their conclusions cause them to underestimate the genuine strain of nationalism in the Book of Martyrs.." Not only does Foxe often intermix deeply nationalist sentiments within his international conception of Protestantism, but he even occasionally links this nationalism to the theme of the Apocalypse in his book. However - and this is why we cannot simply return to the elect nation thesis - he never makes this link in an unqualified manner. Consider the following passage: "There hath been no region or country more fertile or fruitful for martyrs, than our own region of England" (3.581). This is a suggestive statement of England's privileged role, for which Foxe goes on to offer two interpretations: "Whether it happeneth or cometh by the singular gift or privilege of God's divine grace, or else through the barbarous and foolish cruelty of such as at that time ruled and governed the church, is uncertain."12 While Foxe here does not finally identify England's history with divine privilege, the passage is ambivalent about England's status. The first possibility Foxe offers ("privilege of God's divine grace") undeniably has shades of Haller's elect nation thesis. But Foxe refuses to ignore the second possibility of random, fallible, human agency: "foolish cruelty." England's relation to the apocalyptic true church is strikingly ambiguous in this passage: England teeters between having a genuinely privileged role and being a worse-than-usual example of worldly corruption. Just as we saw John Aylmer do, Foxe gestures at conferring an elect status on England, but then stops short of actually doing so. This ambivalent rhetoric, I wish to argue, reflects a contradictory, even paradoxical relation between nationhood and the Apocalypse during the early Elizabethan period. On the one hand, historical circumstances profoundly connected the two discourses in the minds of early Elizabethans: the recent success of institutional Protestantism (a Reformed Queen) was a victory for both the apocalyptic true church and the English nation. On the other hand, a formidable logical incompatibility imposed itself: nationalism assumed an earthly future, while Tudor apocalyptic doctrine assumed an imminent end to earthly existence...Foxe thus found himself in a difficult discursive position: he was unwilling to separate entirely his nation's future from the apocalyptic future, but he was unable to bring them together as one. He could not resolve this tension in doctrine: as we have observed, the millennialist nationalism that seventeenth-century divines appealed to was not available to Foxe in the 1560s. In the next two parts of this essay I will consider how Foxe uses the form of narrative itself to negotiate the competing claims of a national and an apocalyptic future.

Ester, P., H. Vinken, et al. (2002). "Reminiscences of an Extreme Century: Intergenerational Differences in Time Heuristics: Dutch People's Collective Memories of the 20th Century " Time & Society 11(1): 39-66.Collective memory
europe
The Netherlands
generations
Memory
time as symbolic
temporal boundaries
Sociology
method: surveys
events
history
Relevance: 2
	The new millennium has inspired social observers to contemplate the events that shaped the 20th century. Little is known about how the general public and generations within it interpret the landmark events of this century. If generation theory is correct one may hypothesize that different generations remember and interpret distinct events. Generations share different collective memories and, consequently, intergenerational differences are expected in the time heuristics that generations apply. This hypothesis is tested with the Dutch CentERdata Millennium Survey (N = 1391). It is observed that though generations recall similar events, they interpret these events in distinct ways, based on their formative experiences.

Fabian, J. (1983). Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object. New York, Columbia University Press.Johannes Fabian
Anthropology
Coevalness
temporal distancing
methodology
Temporality of academic work
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
	Fabian's study is a classic in the field that changed the way anthropologists relate to their subjects and is of immense value not only to anthropologists but to all those concerned with the study of man. A new foreward by Matti Bunzl brings the influence of Fabian's study up to the present. Time and the Other is a critique of the notions that anthropologists are "here and now," their objects of study are "there and then," and that the "other" exists in a time not contemporary with our own.

Fabian, J. (2001). "Time, Narration, and the Exploration of Central Africa." Narrative 9(1): 3-20.Johannes Fabian
Coevalness
temporal distancing
anthropology
methodology
Method: ethnography
narrative
relevance: 2
Africa
	not available

Farred, G. (2004). "The not-yet counterpartisan: a new politics of oppositionality." South Atlantic Quarterly 102(4): 589-605.South Africa
politics
Africa
ethnicity
race
inclusion/exclusion
law
political theory
philosophy
history
time as tool for political legitimation
Relevance: 2
time as symbolic resource
progress
Teleology
Separation from the past
political time
	not available - from intro:  Apartheid South Africa was a society preoccupied with containing its own disenfranchised black populace and obsessed with imposing "law and order," albeit one laden with historical paradox. In apartheid South Africa, the white minority's determination to maintain (an immoral, if not an illegal) order produced the "dis-order"—the peaceful and violent protests, the workers' strikes, and the school boycotts—that made the law unworkable, the system of constitutionalized racial discrimination unsustainable. Black opposition stands, from the vantage point of a post-apartheid society, as the interrogation of how law can be linked to order; the post-apartheid nomos marks the dissolution of the apartheid order and the production of an entirely new political order; black resistance represents a commentary on how ex justa causa ("from just cause") the law provokes and incorporates violence, of how violence—against protesting black (and occasionally white) bodies—constituted apartheid law.

Anti-apartheid resistance worked to do more than overthrow a racist system of government (and not simply the governing NP): it was philosophically instrumentalist in that it transcribed the history of black opposition to apartheid as a critique of the apartheid state's fallacious belief in its own telos—its sense of its capacity to exist infinitely in the face of the disenfranchised majority's growing resistance. Black oppositionality rejected, and sought to make inconceivable, the unproblematic coupling of concepts such as law and order by revealing the racist violence that enabled this yoking of law to order in the first place. 

The propensity for the teleological, to think post-apartheid South Africa as the disarticulation (and possibly even evacuation of) and triumph over its apartheid predecessor, the narrative of "progress" from a racist past to a nonracial present (and future), is a critical modality that has significant purchase in the post-1994 society. The event of the nation's first democratic elections, April 1994, signals—in this teleological rendering—the "end" of one era and the beginning of a new, democratic one that aligns South Africa—almost half a century later—with a global post-1945 nomos. With, of course, the provisos that past economic inequities, cultural differences, and racial tensions, to mention but three, would have a (powerful) residual life in the new, post-apartheid nomos—the new order of the South African being. 

Felski, R. (2000). Doing Time: Feminist Theory and Postmodern Culture. New York, New York University Press.Feminist theory
modernity
Postmodernism
history
Multiple temporalities
Cultural studies
art
epochalism
Relevance: 2
feminism
Asynchrony
changing perceptions of time
class
epochalism
inclusion/exclusion
Aesthetics
critical temporalities
	Contemporary theory is full of references to the modern and the postmodern. How useful are these terms? What exactly do they mean? How is our sense of these terms changing under the pressure of feminist analysis? In this study, Rita Felski argues that it makes little sense to think of the modern and postmodern as opposing or antithetical terms. Rather, we need a historical perspective that is attuned to cultural and political differences within the same time as well as the leaky boundaries between different times. Neither the modern nor the postmodern are unified, coherent, or self-evident realities. Drawing on cultural studies and critical theory, Felski examines a range of themes central to debates about postmodern culture, including changing meanings of class, the end of history, the status of art and aesthetics, postmodernism as "the end of sex", and the politics of popular culture. Placing women at the centre of analysis, she suggests, has a profound impact on the way we think about historical periods. As a result, feminist theory is helping to reshape our vision of both the modern and the postmodern.

Ferguson, M. W. (2004). "Feminism in Time." MLQ: Modern Language Quarterly 65(1): 7.literary theory
feminist theory
gender
history
Critical temporalities
temporal conflict
Multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
asynchrony
women's time
feminism
origin stories
inclusion/exclusion
	Intro to special issue on feminism and time - abstract not available - first para: Like the White Rabbit, those of us addressing you from the pages of this special issue on “feminism in time” are late, quite late, for what remains (arguably) a very important date—with a highly enigmatic figure whose continued existence is subject to debate in these and other
(related) sets of pages written shortly before and shortly after the turn of the millennium. As a figure, feminism has multiple, changing, and disputed referents. The name in the dominant modern sense given by the Oxford English Dictionary —“advocacy of the rights of women (based on the theory of equality of the sexes)”— came rather belatedly into
English: 1894–95, according to the OED’s entries for the substantive and adjectival forms of the word. This philological fact may surprise you (it did me), since many students of feminism, including one in this collection (Laura Mandell), date the birth of feminism in its modern form to the European Enlightenment. Yet more specifically, but also more partially, with reference to the coordinates of “national” language and geography as well as to those of linear time, feminism’s “birth” has been (and is here too) provisionally located in the writings of Mary Wollstonecraft, in particular her famous Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792).

Fitzpatrick, T. (2004). "Social Policy and Time." Time & Society 13(2-3): 197-219.Policy
time as missing element
Critique of discipline
Methodology
poverty
Capitalism
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
	Time is crucial to the implementation, operation and effectiveness of social policies, yet the subject has often treated the meaning of time as theoretically unproblematic. It focuses more upon what policies do and less upon the contexts within which the practices and assumptions of social actors are embedded. The article offers a more sophisticated theoretical account of time upon which is based an exploration of the main temporal features of welfare capitalism. It then goes on to examine three recent and prominent research projects in order to show how and why they fail to incorporate a convincing social theory of time.

Flaherty, M. G., B. Freidin, et al. (2005). "Variation in the Perceived Passage of Time: A Cross-National Study." Social Psychology Quarterly 68(4): 400-410.Psychology
experiential time
method: Interviews
Activism
Agency
multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
perception of time
Method: comparative analysis
social psychology
cultural variants of time
Argentina
politics
waiting
Synchronicity
affect
Deceleration of time
	Flaherty's cross-cultural theory purports to account for variation in the perceived passage of time. Recent events in Argentina provide an opportunity to assess the applicability of this theory to a Latin American nation. We conducted interviews with 198 persons who participated in various kinds of political activism. The respondents who felt that time had passed "quickly" emphasized an increase in governmental and personal activity. For those who said "slowly," the focus was on suffering, unpleasant emotions, and waiting. Those who were unable to specify reported a mixture of factors associated with "quickly" or "slowly," while those who said "synchronically" were unaffected by the turmoil in their country. These findings offer strong support for the theory in question, and they suggest that variation in the experience of time occurs not because there are different kinds of people but because people find themselves in different kinds of circumstances.

Fleming, N. C. (2010). "The Press, Empire and Historial Time." Media History 16(2): 183-198.Media
history
India
Coevalness
Colonialism
historical time
homogenising present
U.K.
time as tool for political legitimation
time as tool for managing percieved threats
Relevance: 2
political time
policy
	Journalistic invocations of past, present and future are a recurring feature of The Times' analysis of Indian affairs, especially after 1911, a manifestation of shifting imperialist conceptions of India and the consequent role of The Times in promoting constitutional reform. Initially hostile, imperialist intellectuals, senior Conservatives and The Times shifted from reluctant acquiescence, to the 1911 durbar declaration, to active support; of the 1919 Government of India Act, the 1929?33 Round Table process and 1935 India Act; to siding with those in the 1940?45 wartime government who, against Churchill, advocated the necessity of full self-government. Throughout, The Times' extensive coverage of Indian affairs contained a subtext, sometimes explicitly stated, that presented a framework of historical time ? a coherent sense of past, present and future ? intended to legitimize new directions in Indian policy by reconciling change and continuity in a way that was satisfying to Conservative perceptions of British imperial history.

Fontainha, E. (2005). "Social cohesion across Europe. Does time allocation matter?" Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 11(1): 97-111.time allocation
Europe
labour time
social cohesion
Shared present
Policy
critique of discipline
methodology
temporal inequality
Care work
public and private time
method: time-use data
Relevance: 2
	The concept of social cohesion has received much attention in recent academic research as well as in policy documents. The aim of this paper is to point out the shortcomings of current indicators for social cohesion and the advantages of including time allocation data in the evaluation and measurement of social cohesion. Such data should include, for example, time spent on household work and family care or time spent on voluntary and civic activities. The paper is organised as follows: first, the Eurostat and OECD social cohesion indicators are discussed in relation to concepts of social cohesion. In section two, some aspects of social cohesion are associated with time allocated to various activities and it is argued that time use data, in some cases, provide a more accurate measure of social cohesion. In section three, empirical results are presented for European countries using indicators that illustrate social cohesion, and time use data are combined with current social cohesion indicators. Finally, conclusions are presented.

Ford, P. (2008). "Taboo: Time and Belief in Exotica." Representations 103(1): 107-135.Music
Media
Activism
Utopia
Shared future
inclusion/exclusion
assumptions about time obscuring x
Relativity Theory
Relevance: 2
temporal distancing
Multiple temporalities
Asynchrony
imagined futures
Art
	In the 1950s, exotica was a genre of pop music that specialized in depicting imaginary exotic paradises and conventionalized natives. By the late 1960s, exotica pop had disappeared, but its tropes of temporal and spatial disjuncture persisted, structuring the music, visual art, and social theory of the utopian counterculture. While 1950s and 1960s kinds of exotica differ in their preferred imaginary destinations, both raise the question of what intermediate shades between belief and disbelief are demanded by aestheticized representations of human life. This essay theorizes exotica as a mode of representation governed by a peculiar mode of reception—one of willed credulity enabled by submission to its spectacle. What exotica demands is what intellectuals are least likely to give, though, and the peculiar pleasures of exotica spectacle are denigrated or rendered invisible in the hermeneutic regime.

Fortes, M. (1970). Time And Social Structure And Other Essays. London and New York, Athlone Press.Anthropology
structuralism
functionalism
social time
Relevance: 2
Social structure
	none available

Frankenberg, R. (1988). "Your Time or Mine? An Anthropological View of the Tragic Temporal Contradictions of Biomedical Practice." International Journal of Health Services 18(1): 11 - 34.health care
sociology
Anthropology
method: dynamic rather than static
power
temporal conflict
coordinating between different times
industrialisation
temporal distancing
timelessness
homogenising present
Agency
time as symbolic resource
Relevance: 2
	The symbolic construction and use of time in health care is examined both in relation to social control of patients and to the power/powers accorded to and claimed by physicians. After reviewing classical medical sociology approaches of Zerubavel and Roth, it is suggested that an anthropological approach using concepts of disease, illness, and sickness and especially the last make it possible to produce a more adequate analysis. The cultural performance of sickness is seen in a framework of power, space, and time, and comparisons drawn between preindustrial and industrial patterns of healing (including Hahn's detailed ethnographic account of the practice of an internist in the United States). It is argued that medicine as it is at present practiced in industrial society inevitably requires health workers and especially physicians to distance themselves in time from the experience of their patients by taking the present-tense account of perceived illness (the history), which they initially share, and translating it into timeless, almost disembodied, disease. The physicians’ special position in relation to time makes symbolically possible their control not only over patients’ access to space and use of time but also over patients’ autonomy in controlling the body and its boundaries. Finally, it is proposed that, although the contradiction arises from the theory and practice of biomedicine itself, the ability of health workers to overcome it is related to the extent to which the exercise of power within medicine reinforces (or is reinforced by) the ideology of the society in which it operates. 

Franz, K. (2003). ""On Time": The National Museum of American History." Technology and Culture 44(1): 142-146.heritage
museums
Clock time
Chronology
Relevance: 2
USA
technology
clocks
history of changing perceptions of time
history
community engagement
epistemology
time reckoning
	Not available - from intro: Loitering at the entrance to the exhibit On Time at the National Museum of American History (NMAH), one immediately observes clusters of touring families keeping track of time. They glance at their watches, instruct chil dren in lessons of punctuality, and declare that if they move quickly enough and "stay on time" they can see the entire Smithsonian in a day. According to curator Carlene Stevens, the goal of On Time is to prompt these visitors to think about "the changing ways Americans have measured, used, and thought about time in the last three hundred years." On Time asks visitors to consider the big question, "How did we get this way?" How did Americans become so reliant on clock time? How and why have Americans come to measure time more and more precisely? Why have we accorded increasing importance to time?... The NMAH's previous clock exhibit, installed when the museum was still the National Museum of History and Technology, was a traditional taxonomy of artifacts (row upon row of clocks) illustrating incremental technological change. As historian Steven Conn has noted, such taxonomies, developed in the nineteenth century, reinforced dominant ideas of material and social progress. In museums of science and technology taxonomic exhibits created an object-based epistemology that reified ideas of technological progress and determinism. Overturning these exhibition methods, On Time illustrates vividly and with intellectual depth current ideas in the history of technology and museum interpretation that focus on social context and the varied cultural meanings of technological change. 

Frederickson, K. (2007). "Liberalism and the Time of Instinct." Victorian Studies 49(2): 302-312.History
Politics
economics
temporal distancing
Coevalness
Agency
futurity
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
future orientation 
timelessness
western imperialism
liberalism
political economy
time as horizon
time as tool for political legitimation
time as tool for managing percieved threats
	This essay, which reads Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics alongside the economic theories of its day-most notably, William Stanley Jevons's Theory of Political Economy-suggests how the term "instinct" affords Bagehot a means of distinguishing "civilized," self-determining subjects from their "savage" others by providing an account of agency outside of a liberal framework committed to rational willfulness and individual character development. In Bagehot's usage, savage actors governed by "instinct," supposedly insensible to any knowledge of the relation between means and ends, are deprived of any association they might be thought to have with either lengthier horizons of aspiration or the anxious deferral of pleasure, ideas valued as cornerstones of the liberal subject.

Freeman, E. (2005). "Time Binds, or, Erotohistoriography." Social Text(84/85): 57-68.Queer temporalities
queer theory
history
embodiment
Gender
Sexuality
psychoanalysis
Multiple temporalities
postcolonialism
Critical temporalities
futurity
Unpredictibility
Relevance: 2
historiography
Development
families
chronotopes
time as symbolic resource
Foucault
home
Development
Bourdieu
politics
	Not available - from intro: Against the chronopolitics of development, and also extending postcolonial notions of temporal heterogeneity beyond queer melancholic historiography, this essay advances what I call erotohistoriography: a politics of unpredictable, deeply embodied pleasures that counters the logic of development. Particularly in light of the liberal transformation of a queer sex revolution into gay marriage reform and Marxist condemnations of queer theory’s focus on matters libidinal,10 I would like to take the risk of the inappropriate response to ask: how might queer practices of pleasure, specifically, the bodily enjoyments that travel under the sign of queer sex, be thought of as temporal practices, even as portals to historical thinking? Freud’s “uncanny” has offered one powerful model for a dialectic between bodily feelings and temporal alterity, but its “feelings” are both unpleasant and at one remove from the body (with the exception of goose bumps). Perhaps more important, the productive sense of alternate times in the uncanny—so fruitful for postcolonial theory—centers on the distinctly heterosexualized chronotopes of home, family, and mother.11 In contrast, Foucault has famously written that queers should “use sexuality henceforth to arrive at a multiplicity of relationships,” while Bourdieu would insist that these relationships inevitably play with and on time.12 As a mode of reparative criticism, then, erotohistoriography indexes how queer relations complexly exceed the present. It insists that various queer social practices, especially those involving enjoyable bodily sensations, produce form(s) of time consciousness, even historical consciousness, that can intervene upon the material damage done in the name of development.13 Against pain and loss, erotohistoriography posits the value of surprise, of pleasurable interruptions and momentary fulfillments from elsewhere, other times.

Freeman, E. (2010). Time binds : queer temporalities, queer histories. Durham, NC, Duke University Press.Queer temporalities
Sexuality
Queer theory
history
Affect
art
non-linear time
time discipline
normativity
embodiment
Past in the present
politics
Relevance: 2
standardisation
inclusion/exclusion
experiential time
cinema
psychoanalysis
history
historiography
time as symbolic resource
Break in time
narrative
past in the present
Asynchrony
political time
Trauma
	Time Binds is a powerful argument that temporal and sexual dissonance are intertwined, and that the writing of history can be both embodied and erotic. Challenging queer theory’s recent emphasis on loss and trauma, Elizabeth Freeman foregrounds bodily pleasure in the experience and representation of time as she interprets an eclectic archive of queer literature, film, video, and art. She examines work by visual artists who emerged in a commodified, “postfeminist,” and “postgay” world. Yet they do not fully accept the dissipation of political and critical power implied by the idea that various political and social battles have been won and are now consigned to the past. By privileging temporal gaps and narrative detours in their work, these artists suggest ways of putting the past into meaningful, transformative relation with the present. Such “queer asynchronies” provide opportunities for rethinking historical consciousness in erotic terms, thereby countering the methods of traditional and Marxist historiography. Central to Freeman’s argument are the concepts of chrononormativity, the use of time to organize individual human bodies toward maximum productivity; temporal drag, the visceral pull of the past on the supposedly revolutionary present; and erotohistoriography, the conscious use of the body as a channel for and means of understanding the past. Time Binds emphasizes the critique of temporality and history as crucial to queer politics.

Freund, P. (2010). "Capitalism, Time-Space, Environment, and Human Well-Being: Envisioning Ecosocialist Temporality and Spatiality." Capitalism Nature Socialism 21(2): 112 - 121.climate change
temporal conflict
time and space
Capitalism
economics
labour time
Acceleration of time
Relevance: 2
political theory
ecological citizenship
Critical temporalities
political time
Biological time
Biorhythms
environment
time and space
	not available - from the text: Of course humans can be socially constituted to adapt to the demands of capitalist temporality (e.g., shift work), just as nature (e.g., land) can be adapted to the rhythms of capitalist industrial agriculture. However, such adaptations have longrange ‘‘unhealthy’’ costs and require compensatory mechanisms to deal with
temporal-spatial contradictions, such as disturbed sleep patterns to cope with a lack of sleep or using oil-based artificial fertilizer to boost depleted soil. Capitalism has saturated time-space, colonizing it. The speeding up of daily life is paralleled by the acceleration of the degradation and appropriation of the environment. The commodification of nature has accelerated along with the privatization of the commons. With the spread of global capitalism, the scale and speed of such appropriation and degradation have increased. Thus as China is integrated into the global capitalist economy, it will increasingly be under pressure to accelerate the production of export products, in turn, exacerbating deforestation, soil erosion, and water shortages.7 Global capitalism is driving widening ‘‘metabolic-biospheric rifts’’ in the commons (space). These include temporal rifts between energy and resource consumption and their renewability, as well as rifts between the rate of waste production and the capacity of ecosystems to cope with it.8 Thus carbon and other emissions tend to be created at a ‘‘rate faster than natural systems can absorb them, contributing to the creation of a global ecological crisis.’’9 There are also spatial rifts, such as the increasing separations of natural habitats. Spatial rifts are expressed in city/rural and North/South splits, and within built environments as ‘‘antimonies between nature and culture, divisions into ‘‘residential,’’ ‘‘commercial,’’ ‘‘light industrial,’’ ‘‘historic preservation,’’ and ‘‘natural restoration’’ spaces.10 Temporal-spatial rifts produce what James O’Connor has called the ‘‘second contradiction’’ of capitalism*a contradiction between the capitalist mode of production and the conditions of production, or more generally, the ‘‘conditions of existence.’’11

Friedman, S. S. (2006). "Periodizing Modernism: Postcolonial Modernities and the Space/Time Borders of Modernist Studies." Modernism/modernity 13(3): 425-443.time and space
postcolonialism
methodology
geography
epochalism
Critical temporalities
Multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
modernity
cultural studies
epochalism
western imperialism
Aesthetics
borders
temporal boundaries
	not available - from intro: Einstein's theory of relativity forged a major paradigm shift in theorizing the relationship between time and space, one that systematized what some in the arts and philosophy of modernism were already beginning to articulate early in the century. More recently, cultural studies theorist Lawrence Grossberg has advocated what he calls "the timing of space and the spacing of time" as a precondition for a new "geography of beginnings."4  Regarding space and time not as absolutes but rather as cognitive [End Page 425] categories of human thinking, I want to build on these theories of relativity to examine the spatial politics of historical periodization—the way that generalizations about historical periods typically contain covert assumptions about space that privilege one location over others. Fredric Jameson's imperative—"Always historicize!"—leads unthinkingly into binaries of center/periphery unless it is supplemented with the countervailing imperative—Always spatialize!5  Jameson's widely influential essay, "Modernism and Imperialism," introduces the spatiality of global imperialism into his discussion of literary history and argues for imperialism as constitutive of modernist aesthetics in the West. But for him, modernism was over and done with by the end of World War II, to be followed by postmodernism characterized by a shift into the multinational corporate flows of late capitalism and new forms of imperialism.6  Many others, including Walter Mignolo as evident in the epigraph, would agree with Jameson's insistence that Western modernity is inextricably tied to Western colonialism in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. However, I consider Jameson's spatialization of modernism incomplete.

A full spatialization of modernism changes the map, the canon, and the periodization of modernism dramatically. Moreover, rethinking the periodization of modernism requires abandoning what I have called the "nominal" definition of modernity, a noun-based designation that names modernity as a specific moment in history with a particular societal configuration that just happens to be the conditions that characterize Europe from about 1500 to the early twentieth century. The "relational" mode of definition, an adjectivally-based approach that regards modernity as a major rupture from what came before, opens up the possibility for polycentric modernities and modernisms at different points of time and in different locations.7 Examining the spatial politics of the conventional periodization of modernism fosters a move from singularities to pluralities of space and time, from exclusivist formulations of modernity and modernism to ones based in global linkages, and from nominal modes of definition to relational ones. 

Friese, H. (2010). "Times, histories and discourse." Rethinking History: The Journal of Theory and Practice 14(3): 405-420.Social theory
social time
history
multiple temporalities
non-linear time
narrative
Relevance: 2
social structure
continuity over time
eternity
community stability
action
time as all encompassing
temporal ordering
	Social and cultural thought as they emerged at the turn of the nineteenth century commonly declared time to be a function of structure, continuity and eternity, not least with a view to postulate an ontological stability and regularity of social life. Even if the inclusion of time and social temporalities has subsequently been demanded by theories of action, the multiple social notions of time and their practical articulations have been subordinated to the discursive organization of a hegemonic universal world time. Here, three different, yet connected, narratives which order time will be considered and, in opposition to assumptions that there exists homogeneous and linear world-time, it will be argued that only the critical interrogation of the construction of a universal course of time allows for a further opening towards the particularities of situated social and cultural worlds and their multifarious times and histories.

Frink, L., R. S. Shepard, et al., Eds. (2002). Many Faces of Gender: Roles and Relationships Through Time in Indigenous Northern (Boreal) Communities. Boulder, CO University Press of Colorado.Gender
Anthropology
Sociology
indigenous Canadians
native American
indigenous peoples
history
change over time
method: dynamic rather than static
Critique of discipline
social Change
timelessness
Coevalness
Archaeology
Relevance: 2
inclusion/exclusion
	Many Faces of Gender is an interdisciplinary volume that addresses the dearth in descriptions and analyses of gender roles and relationships in Native societies in North America’s boreal reaches. This collection complements existing conceptual frameworks and develops new methodological and theoretical approaches that more fully articulate the complex nature of social, economic, political, and material relationships between indigenous men and women in this region. The contributors challenge the widespread notion that Native women’s and men’s roles are frozen in time, a concept precluding the possibility of differently constructed gender categories and changing power relations and roles through time. By examining the pre-historical, historical, and modern records, they demonstrate that these roles are not fixed and have indeed gradually transformed. Many Faces of Gender is ideal for anthropologists and archaeologists interested in cross-disciplinary studies of gender, households, women, and lithics. 

Gallois, W. (2007). Time, Religion and History Harlow, UK, Pearson.social time
religion
time as natural
history
Relevance: 2
critical temporalities
critique of discipline
historiography
historical time
history of changing perceptions of time
indigenous Australians
Australia
Judaism
christianity
Islam
Buddhism
temporal complexity
time as missing element
Relativity Theory
Multiple temporalities
progress
temporal flow
Asian Philosphy
indigenous peoples
	What is time? How does our sense of time lead us to approach the world? How did the peoples of the past view time? This book answers these questions through an investigation of the cultures of time in Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism and the Australian Dreamtime. It argues that our contemporary world is blind as to the significance and complexity of time, preferring to believe that time is ‘natural’ and unchanging. This is of critical importance to historians since the base matter of their study is time, yet there is almost no theoretical literature on time in history.

This book offers the first detailed historiographical study of the centrality of time to human cultures. It sets out the complex ways in which ideas of time developed in the major world religions, and the manner in which such conceptions led people both to live in ways very different to our contemporary world and to make very different kinds of ‘histories’. It goes on to argue that modern scientific descriptions of time, such as Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, lie much closer to the complex understandings of time in religions such as Christianity than they do to our ‘common-sense’ notions of time which are centred on progress through a past, present and future.

Game, A. (2001). Belonging: Experience in Sacred Time and Space. TimeSpace: Geographies of Temporality. J. May and N. Thrift. London, Routledge: 226-239.religion
Relativity Theory
non-linear time
time and space
experiential time
home
Relevance: 2
Geography
Sacred time
belonging
	not available:  author develops notions of sacred time and space in order to talk about nonlinear time and non-Euclidean space experiences, arguing that it is a mistaken to
look for ‘home’ or ‘belongingness’ in a fixed place and time

Ganguly, K. (2004). Temporality and postcolonial critique. The Cambridge Companion to Postcolonial Literary Studies. N. Lazarus. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 162-179.postcolonialism
epochalism
history
inclusion/exclusion
normativity
clock time
temporal conflict
multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
literary theory
periodicity
Methodology
in/commensurability between times
epistemology
critical temporalities
	How does time signify in postcolonial analysis? This question has occasionally been taken up as a matter of deciding the status of the prefix “post.” Theorists who approach the question in this way have answered it by periodizing the postcolonial - that is, by situating it in epochal terms, relative to such other putative eras as the colonial, the modern, the postmodern, and so on (Appiah 1991; Hutcheon 1994). Since the attempt here has been to separate the postcolonial from these other epochs or eras (to specify when it emerges and its distinctive constituent features as an epoch), this approach has usually emphasized nominal and categorical rather than conceptual or epistemological issues. The periodizing approach to the question of time in postcolonial analysis has generated some thought-provoking insights. Its weakness, however, is that it has tended to eschew larger philosophical meditations on what makes epochal pronouncements intelligible in the first place (e.g., explorations of how time has figured in the analysis of the postcolonial). Temporality has been explored rather more fruitfully in postcolonial studies by approaches that regard the postcolonial not as an epoch or age but as a particular mode of historical emergence. Here, the issues have entailed characterizing the “alterity” associated with postcolonial forms of being; in other words, the focus has been on the ways in which, and the degree to which, the postcolonial has been taken to represent an “other” time whose logic and historical expression are incommensurable with the normative temporality of clock and calendar associated with Western modernity. What follows is a discussion of such lines of enquiry into time. 

Gardner, A. (2002). "Social identity and the duality of structure in late Roman-period Britain." Journal of Social Archaeology 2(3): 323-351.Archaeology
identity
U.K.
Giddens
method: dynamic rather than static
Relevance: 2
History
social structure
Materiality
agency
Method: case study
changing perceptions of time
continuity over time
social change
	The central theme of this article is the relationship between material practices, social identity categories and the duality of structure. The latter concept, linking structure and agency in Giddens’ structuration theory, is here understood as dependent upon the negotiation of categories, such as ethnicity/community, social status, religion and gender, through practices like dwelling, eating and appearing. Such practices can be interpreted from the material patterns that emerge from multi-dimensional and multi-scalar analyses of archaeological data. These ideas are worked through in a case study of Britain in the fourth and early fifth centuries AD, wherein some of the relationships between practices and institutionalized identities (such as those associated with the military) can be discerned. An emphasis on the negotiation of identities in practice also places the theme of temporality at centre-stage, offering a new perspective on the balance between reproduction and transformation in the ongoing constitution of social life.

Gell, A. (1992). The anthropology of time: cultural constructions of temporal maps and images. Oxford, Berg.Anthropology
Perception of time
social time
Multiple temporalities
labour time
Durkheim
Evans-Pritchard
Levi-Strauss
Husserl
Bourdieu
Psychology
economics
Geography
Phenomenology
Philosophy
Relevance: 2
McTaggart
	Time - relentless, ever-present but intangible and the single element over which human beings have no absolute control - has long proved a puzzle. The author examines the phenomenon of time and asks such fascinating questions as how time impinges on people, to what extent our awareness of time is culturally conditioned, how societies deal with temporal problems and whether time can be considered a 'resource' to be economized. More specifically, he provides a consistent and detailed analysis of theories put forward by a number of thinkers such as Durkheim, Evans-Pritchard, Levi-Strauss, Geertz, Piaget, Husserl and Bourdieu. His discussion encompasses four main approaches in time research, namely developmental psychology, symbolic anthropology (covering the bulk of post-Durkheimian social anthropology) 'economic' theories of time in social geography and, finally, phenomenological theories. The author concludes by presenting his own model of social/cognitive time, in the light of these critical discussions of the literature.

Gibbons, L. (2005). "Spaces of Time through Times of Space: Joyce, Ireland and Colonial Modernity." Field Day Review 1: 71-86.literary theory
Ireland
Europe
Synchronicity
Scheduling
Transport technologies
communication
memory
shared past
Critical temporalities
Multiple temporalities
nationalism
Relevance: 2
changing perceptions of time
	not available

Gibson, D. (1994). "Time for clients: temporal aspects of community psychiatric nursing." Journal of Advanced Nursing 20(1): 110-116.community health
health care
nursing
organisational temporalities
Psychiatry
method: Interviews
temporal ordering
social coordination
timing
time as symbolic resource
Relevance: 2
	Time is an integral element in all actions, organizations and relationships. Temporality has an effect on people's lives, and in turn people manipulate temporality as a means of imposing social order. From a semiotic perspective the amount of time spent on an action and the timing of it conveys messages about such things as importance and status This holds equally true of organizations as well as individuals This paper concentrates on a community psychiatric nursing department, its staff and clients Sections of speech taken from interviews with nurses and clients are presented and discussed from the perspective of temporality to show how relationships are managed on an individual level and how work is organized around different client groups at an organizational level

Giddens, A. (1979). Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure, and Contradiction in Social Analysis. Berkley & Los Angeles, University of California Press.social theory
Giddens
sociology
action
Structuralism
functionalism
marxism
Knowledge
Method: dynamic rather than static
time and space
power
social change
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
Synchronicity
	In this new and brilliantly organized book of essays, Anthony Giddens discusses three main theoretical traditions in social science that cut across the division between Marxist and non-Marxist sociology: interpretive sociology, functionalism, and structuralism.Beginning with a critical examination of the importance of structuralism for contemporary sociology, the author develops a comprehensive account of what he calls "the theory of structuration." One of the main themes is that social theory must recognize, as it has not done hitherto, that all social actors are knowledgeable about the social systems they produce and reproduce in their conduct. In order to grasp the significance of this, he argues, we have to reconsider some of the most basic concepts in sociology. In particular, Giddens argues, it is essential to recognize the significance of time-space relations in social theory. He rejects the distinction between synchrony and diachrony, or statics and dynamics, involved in both structuralism and functionalism, and offers extensive critical commentary on the latter as an approach to sociology. The book, which can be described as a "non-functionalist manifesto," breaks with the three main theoretical traditions in the social sciences today while retaining the significant contributions each contains. In so doing Giddens discusses a range of fundamental problem areas in the social sciences: power and domination, conflict and contradiction, and social transformation. He concludes with an overall appraisal of the key problems in social theory today. 

Giesen, B. (2004). "Noncontemporaneity, Asynchronicity and Divided Memories." Time & Society 13(1): 27-40.Asynchrony
Memory
the present
Coevalness
Multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
temporal complexity
time as all encompassing
Rhythms
organisational temporalities
Perception of time
social Change
Counter traditions
Critical temporalities
Generations
embodiment
Relevance: 2
Uneven development
assumptions about time obscuring x
coordinating between different times
Trauma
	Three different paradigms of temporal inconsistency are distinguished. ‘Noncontemporaneity’ refers to the local and temporal coexistence of phenomena that are related to different historical periods or different stages of social evolution. This paradigm presupposes an encompassing unity of society and disregards the normality of hybridization and syncretism in real societies. The paradigm of ‘asynchronicity’ centres the differences of pace and rhythms between different social systems or institutional domains. Here the indispensability of temporal differences for the perception of time and change is frequently ignored. The third model is called ‘divided memories’. Divided memories are generated by different experiential backgrounds with respect to the perception of core events. Generations are presented as communities of experience that differ with respect to this experiential background. Most important in this respect are triumphant or traumatic experiences that devalue the experience of the parental generation and provide a frame for the collective identity of a generation. The authenticity of these experiences is rooted in corporal presence and bodily rituals. Recently public debates tend to construct generational differences in an inflationary manner. This public construction of generations contrasts to the blurring of generational differences on a microsocial level.

Gingrich, A. (1994). Time, ritual and social experience. Social Experience and Anthropological Knowledge. K. Hastrup and P. Hervik. London, Routledge: 166-179.Ritual
Anthropology
cultural variants of time
perception of time
social time
myth
religion
Relevance: 2
	not available - from the text:  The present chapter is concerned with social experience and the anthropological knowledge of temporality. It sets out first to identify anthropology's conventional notions of time within the context of a modern heritage. Then it argues that in non-secular societies basic notions of temporality are encompassed by mythic rationality and religious principles. these principles influence temporal experience in so far as they are socialised and internalised by way of concepts and rituals. 

Glassner, B. (1982). "An Essay on Iterative Social Time." Sociological Review 30(4): 668-681.social time
Sociology
Media
Perception of time
Repetition
time as symbolic resource
Past in the present
temporal complexity
temporal boundaries
Multiple temporalities
Asynchrony
relevance: 2
Radio
	not available - from the text: Discussing a radio station that moved to solid gold radio and then to a format with 'golden oldies' supplemented by 'future gold' (i.e. contemporary) songs... "this radio station developed two forms of iterative time in order to make the station special in a market glutted with rock and roll radio stations. First they utilised present past time - giving present emphasis to past hits. When this strategy lost its effectiveness they added a present future past time - making present hits into the past hits of the future.  Iterative time might be defined as the renewing or initiating of periods in conjunction with other periods in order to produce a two or more fold social time. This essay will suggest some of the structure of iterative social time, as this is found within prominent sociological research and theory"

Glennie, P. and N. Thrift (1996). "Reworking E. P. Thompson's `Time, Work-Discipline and Industrial Capitalism'." Time & Society 5(3): 275-299.history
U.K.
Capitalism
Technology
time discipline
labour time
task oriented time
Clock time
Multiple temporalities
skill in temporal practices
time as symbolic resource
Relevance: 2
history of changing perceptions of time
Skill in temporal practices
methodology
	This paper attempts to lay foundations for a new account of the histories of times in England (and beyond). A disjuncture has arisen between much recent writing about time and the most influential general accounts of time and society in the historic and contemporary West. The latter emphasize a social and geographical diffusion of a modern time competence, stemming from intensified industrial work-discipline, and centred on clock time, whereas the former emphasize the multiple and qualitative nature of times. Through a discussion of major theoretical themes (the multiplicity of time-senses and of time-disciplines; the skilfulness of temporal practices; and symbolic facets of time), we point to central topics in a reformulated account of western time-senses.

Glennie, P. and N. Thrift (2009). Shaping the Day: A History of Timekeeping in England and Wales 1300-1800. Oxford, Oxford University Press.time reckoning
U.K.
Wales
Europe
Clock time
Technology
history
England
Relevance: 2
changing perceptions of time
history of changing perceptions of time
critique of discipline
industrialisation
	Timekeeping is an essential activity in the modern world and we take it for granted that our lives our shaped by the hours of the day. Yet what seems so ordinary today is actually the extraordinary outcome of centuries of technical innovation and circulation of ideas about time. Shaping the Day is a pathbreaking study of the practice of timekeeping in England and Wales between 1300 and 1800. Drawing on many unique historical sources, ranging from personal diaries to housekeeping manuals, Paul Glennie and Nigel Thrift illustrate how a particular kind of common sense about time came into being, and how it developed during this period. Many remarkable figures make their appearance, ranging from the well-known, such as Edmund Halley, Samuel Pepys, and John Harrison, who solved the problem of longitude, to less familiar characters, including sailors, gamblers, and burglars.
Overturning many common perceptions of the past-for example, that clock time and the industrial revolution were intimately related-this unique historical study engages all readers interested in how 'telling the time' has come to dominate our way of life.

Glover, K. L. (2010). "Present-ing the Past: The Persistence of the Para-Revolutionary Moment in Jean-Claude Fignolé’s Aube tranquille." Research in African Literatures 41(4): 208-226.Literature
literary theory
Carribean
non-linear time
Past in the present
history
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
Revolution
Global present
inclusion/exclusion
fate
futurity
	In his 1990 work of prose fiction Aube Tranquille, Jean-Claude Fignolé, Haitian author and co-founder of the Spiralist literary ethic-aesthetic, considers the extent to which an unresolved revolutionary Haitian history persists in and troubles the global present. His novel-spiral makes Haiti’s pararevolutionary moment pertinent to an understanding of its contemporary fate through a complex and spatio–temporally destabilizing account of one family’s New World drama. Implicating the spiral form as a narrative model from which to explore the persistence of a traumatic and meaningful past, Fignolé writes away from even the most ostensibly nontraditional literary representations of time’s passage. He exposes the fraught foundations of Haiti’s relationships with Africa, Europe, and the Americas, foregrounding the island republic’s transatlantic and transhistorical dimensions. This essay looks closely at the specific mechanisms by which Fignolé allows the colonial past to resonate in the postcolonial present and considers the author’s profound resistance to authoritative reconstructions of ambivalent American histories.

Glucksmann, M. A. (1998). "`What a Difference a Day Makes': A Theoretical and Historical Exploration of Temporality and Gender." Sociology 32(2): 239-258.Gender
sociology
economics
leisure time
memory
method: case study
Relevance: 2
Methodology
inclusion/exclusion
labour time
time as resource
Method: oral history
U.K.
public and private time
life course
time use
experiential time
Standardisation
care work
	This paper explores the potentialities and distinctiveness of a temporal perspective for analysing differences between and within genders. After a brief overview of sociological approaches to time, it suggests the value of `an economy of time' framework for analysing work, especially those forms which involve no monetary exchange. Exchanges of time can be seen to establish their own reciprocities, inequalities and hierarchies, thus forming a wider basis for the analysis of social and gender division than one resting on a more narrow, say monetary, economic premise. The central sections attempt to demonstrate these points using oral history research on married women who began work in Lancashire during the inter-war years. Weavers and casual women workers are contrasted with respect to three dimensions of temporality: (1) the temporal structure of work/time in waged work, domestic labour and leisure, and exchanges of time between themselves and their husbands, employers and each other; (2) the temporality of life-course events and the structure of memory; and (3) the division between public and private. I argue that the findings (that the two groups differed systematically on all dimensions both in their use and subjective experience of time) have contemporary and conceptual implications extending beyond the particular case study, including a reconceptualisation of `standard' working time and what constitutes `economy'.

Golubovic, Z. (1989). "A Marxist Approach to the Concept of Being/Becoming Human." Dialectics and Humanism Sum Autumn 89(Summer/Autumn): 65-84.marxism
continuity over time
Philosophy
History
Relevance: 2
becoming
	A reassessment of Marx's key concepts on being/becoming human is offered in light of new philosophical/anthropological thinking. Instead of avoiding philosophical questions it is shown why it is necessary to reconsider "human nature" in terms of a continuity of human existence/experiences, of a universal expression of community life and specific human needs and their satisfaction within varieties of cultures. And also to reaffirm the concept of "history" in terms of a unique human sense of temporality and continuous/cumulative creation, i.e., as a continuation of "historical praxis," adding to this a new elaboration of the dialectics of praxis and alienation in terms of reaffirmation of critical theory of society.

Gor'ainov, V. (2006). "Criteria for progress, reversibility, stagnation, and predictability of social time." Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniya 4: 3.Progress
social time
Sociology
Multiple temporalities
Russia
Absence of future
Relevance: 2
	"Criteria for progress, reversibility, stagnation, and predictability of social time" sets out author's views on the operationalized notion of the social time. In particular, qualitative aspects of the notion are reviewed with regard to its progress, reversibility, stagnation and predictability. The hypothesis is tested as to whether varying groups of a society might actually live under differing social times. Eventual aftereffects of social time stagnation are discussed regarding the case of contemporary Russia. Empirically, the paper makes secondary use of responses to the question asked by VTSIOM pollsters in 1994 through 2004 "Generally speaking, to what degree does the life you lead now satisfy you?" by means of structural phase analysis.

Gosden, C. (1994). Social Being and Time. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell.archaeology
social time
deep time
materiality
landscape
social change
action
Method: case study
Relevance: 2
heritage sites
Monuments
	The nature of time is one of the continuing mysteries of human life. This is of particular relevance to archaeology with its unique focus on the social development of the human species from its origins to the present.Christopher Gosden probes the way in which the rhythms of social life derive from our involvement in the world, particularly as those rhythms unfold over many thousands of years. The author argues that time is created through the social use of material things such as landscapes, settlements and monuments, and illustrates this with case studies drawn from Europe and the Pacific.The book provides a theory of social change and social being as the basis for understanding social formations over long periods of time. In developing this theory the author surveys ideas on human action and time as these have evolved over the last two centuries. Although the theory is designed and presented here to be of practical use in interpreting archaeological data - exemplified here in case studies - the broad scope of the book will ensure its interest to all concerned with the interactions between people and the material world. 

Gotved, S. (2006). "Time and space in cyber social reality." New Media & Society 8(3): 467-486.online communities
Media
time and space
review article
Sociology
Methodology
Method: ethnography
Relevance: 2
The internet
	This article synthesizes a range of sociological views on time and space, and presents a departure point for future research on cyber social reality. Using basic sociological categories of culture, structure, and interaction, the cyber social reality is drawn into a matrix that further illustrates the embeddedness in technology, time, and space. The matrix is a theoretically and empirically grounded tool for exploring, describing, analyzing, and comparing the variety existing within online communities and communication. In the article, the matrix is illustrated step by step to show its inherent dimensions, and in conclusion it is proposed to be a useful systematic for, on the one hand, ensuring ethnographically thick descriptions of online social life, and on the other, comparing the various reality constructions found.

Grace, H. (2007). "Monuments and the face of time: distortions of scale and asynchrony in postcolonial Hong Kong." Postcolonial Studies 10(4): 467-483.monuments
Asynchrony
Hong Kong
China
Postcolonialism
Materiality
heritage
media
Visuality
Democracy
Collective memory
Past in the present
Activism
Forgetting
time and space
relevance: 2
heritage sites
political time
The internet
	This essay examines the theme of monuments and monumentality in Hong Kong by focusing on the proliferation of images of the Star Ferry terminal and clock tower prior to its demolition and the circulation of these images via on-line image-sharing sites. I am especially interested in the act of photography under these circumstances and what it might mean for a consideration of participatory democracy in a postcolonial context. More generally there is the question of what role the image plays in constituting historical memory in an embodied sense – especially in a city that is characterized in many ways as image. My essay examines the extent to which historical memory of colonial experiences is still in part materially constitutive of Hong Kong's postcolonial consciousness – and this is registered in community activism around the preservation of sites marked for demolition. What this activism produces is what I will call a spectral monumentality, a bringing into existence of invisible monuments – in this case, the memories of demolished structures which survive in an embodied form, supported by miniature images in the digital photographs uploaded and shared on internet sites, and small, publicly available documentary movies posted on YouTube. To think in greater detail about the meaning of the ‘spectral monument’, I draw upon Wu Hung's discussion of ‘political space’, not simply as a conceptual sphere of public discourse or a physical space where public events occur, but rather as the architectonic embodiment of political ideology and a site for activating political action and expression.

Grand, I. J. (1999). "Cultural identities and practices of community." Futures 31(5): 475-485.identity
Shared future
cultural variants of time
in/commensurability between times
cultural diversity
social coordination
The future
Tradition
Relevance: 2
invention of tradition
non-homogeneous community
future studies
	How can people from different cultures collaborate effectively? How can we imagine joint futures when we come from radically different background? Is cultural diversity an asset or a hindrance to effective collaboration? Is celebrating cultural diversity enough? This essay explores these questions by discussing the problems of convergence and diversity in communities as they relate to possible futures. It examines some examples of successful collaborative ventures, raises numerous problems and questions, and suggests that cultures always reinvent traditions. We can learn to practice community if we learn to practice difference.

Green, N. (2002). "On the Move: Technology, Mobility, and the Mediation of Social Time and Space." The Information Society: An International Journal 18(4): 281-292.Technology
Mobility across communities
mediation
social time
information Technology
Sociology
Communication
changing perceptions of time
organisational temporalities
online communities
time as missing element
Method: ethnography
time and space
Critique of discipline
social Change
action
Clock time
Families
labour time
public and private time
Relevance: 2
The internet
	The current explosion in mobile computing and telecommunications technologies holds the potential to transform "everyday" time and space, as well as changes to the rhythms of social institutions. Sociologists are only just beginning to explore what the notion of "mobility" might mean when mediated through computing and communications technologies, and so far, the sociological treatment has been largely theoretical. This article seeks instead to explore how a number of dimensions of time and space are being newly reconstructed through the use of mobile communications technologies in everyday life. The article draws on long-term ethnographic research entitled "The Socio-Technical Shaping of Mobile Multimedia Personal Communications," conducted at the University of Surrey. This research has involved ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a variety of locales and with a number of groups. This research is used here as a resource to explore how mobile communications technologies mediate time in relation to mobile spaces. First the paper offers a review and critique of some of the major sociological approaches to understanding time and space. This review entails a discussion of how social practices and institutions are maintained and/or transformed via mobile technologies. Ethnographic data is used to explore emerging mobile temporalities. Three interconnected domains in mobile time are proposed: rhythms of mobile use, rhythms of mobile use in everyday life, and rhythms of mobility and institutional change. The article argues that while these mobile temporalities are emerging, and offer new ways of acting in and perceiving time and space, the practical construction of mobile time in everyday life remains firmly connected to well-established time-based social practices, whether these be institutional (such as clock time, "work time") or subjective (such as "family time").

Greenhouse, C. J. (1989). "Just in Time: Temporality and the Cultural Legitimation of Law." The Yale Law Journal 98(8): 1631-1651.Law
Social time
Anthropology
time as natural
linear time
relevance: 2
time as tool for political legitimation
organisational temporalities
history
time as all encompassing
Meaning
time as symbolic resource
	This Article is about the relationship between cultural conceptions of time-"social time" and the organization and management of legal institutions. As an idea, time has profound consequences in its capacity to encode and systematize otherwise disparate and unreferenced events and relationships. Concepts of time vary widely around the world, and Western ideas about time - including the conventional formulation that time moves in a straight line from past to present, through one's own life-time-acquired shape and force entirely a part from the scientific "discovery" of time.' This Article focuses on particular on Western ideas about time, and, even more particularly, on the ways in which temporality suffuses popular understandings of law. Specifically, after some preliminary ethnological and historical discussion, it offers an analysis of the ways in which specific indeterminacies in Western notions of time are worked out in the legal context. Its central thesis is that temporality and legality are conceptually fused in the West through their mutual implications of a total order in relation to which social life acquires meaning. 

Gross, D. (1982). "Time-Space Relations in Giddens' Social Theory." Theory, Culture & Society 1(2): 83-88.Giddens
social theory
Sociology
time and space
social time
time as missing element
national time
organisational temporalities
power
individual time
Critical temporalities
orientation within time
deep time
memory
meaning
Relevance: 2
Functionalism
Structuralism
	not available - from the text:  In his last two books, Central Problems In Social Theory and A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Giddens has brought what he calls &dquo;time-space relations&dquo; into the centre of his discussion of modern social theory. By this term he means the temporal and spatial dimensions of life which, in his opinion, are essential components of all social behaviour. They are said to be essential not just because they provide a backdrop to events, but because they are constitutive elements of all social action and interaction. According to Giddens, much recent sociological theory (particularly functionalism and structuralism) has systematically excluded time-space relations from serious consideration. The result has been a widespread misunderstanding of certain aspects of social life due to the misperception or outright neglect of these two integral aspects of social experience... Giddens deserves a great deal of credit for raising these important issues. But in my view he Incorrectly addresses the whole topic of time-space relations, and as a result Inaccurately evaluates their importance for contemporary social life... In my view, then, there are not three but two time senses in modern society: state (or institutional) time at the top which claims to be absolute, universal, total, and which has as one of its goals the accumulation of power; and individual time, which is personal, quotidian, limited, and relatively lacking in power (though, for its part, it is a time which is &dquo;felt&dquo; and lived qualitatively). This two tiered sense of time is dangerous because whenever Individuals want to orient themselves to something long-term, they find very little in themselves or in the culture to fall back upon, since the everyday and the personal have been stripped of real social and political significance. Instead, one is increasingly forced to turn to the state or similar institutions to gain access to supra-individual or long-range meanings or memories.

Gross, D. (1985). "Temporality and the Modern State." Theory and Society 14(1): 53-82.Relevance: 2
politics
time as tool for political legitimation
national time
social time
temporal conflict
organisational temporalities
history
capitalism
political time
time as natural
Multiple temporalities
Critical temporalities
time as tool for managing percieved threats
changing perceptions of time
meaning
continuity over time
	Not available - quote from the text:  Nevertheless, it must be emphasized that as things now stand no state has reached, nor is it soon likely to reach, the point where it can comfortably abandon temporality altogether as a source of legitimacy. Even the most technocratic states today still rely on continuity and the 'meaning systems' of the past in order to extract a measure of allegiance from their constituencies. Though a concern with history and time may not seem as important to state administrators as it once did, the value of temporal rationales nevertheless remains indispensable. This is particularly true in periods of crisis when state managers and ideologues feel compelled to resuscitate powerful memories of the genealogy of the state, or of the state's place in time, in order to strengthen their authority. In cases such as these, a politics of time is invaluable for at least formally authorizing the existence or role of the state in modern society.

Grosz, E. (2004). The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution and the Untimely. Crows Nest, Allen and Unwin.philosophy
Biology
Bergson
nietzsche
Deleuze
Grosz
Irigaray
Darwin
evolution
becoming
non-linear time
politics
ontology
metaphysics
Social theory
Relevance: 2
Untimely
time as missing element
political time
Biological time
contradictory present
presence
critical temporalities
	In this path-breaking philosophical work, Elizabeth Grosz points the way toward a theory of becoming to replace the prevailing ontologies of being in social, political, and biological discourse. Arguing that theories of temporality have significant and underappreciated relevance to the social dimensions of science and the political dimensions of struggle, Grosz engages key theoretical concerns related to the reality of time. She explores the effect of time on the organization of matter and the emergence and development of biological life. Considering how the relentless forward movement of time might be conceived in political and social terms, she begins to formulate a model of time that incorporates the future and its capacity to supercede and transform the past and present. Grosz develops her argument by juxtaposing the work of three major figures in western thought: Charles Darwin, Friedrich Nietzche, and Henri Bergson. She reveals that in theorizing time as an active, positive phenomenon with its own characteristics and specific effects, each of these thinkers had a profound effect on contemporary understandings of the body in relation to time. She shows how their allied concepts of life, evolution, and becoming are manifest in the work of Gilles Deleuze and Luce Irigaray. Throughout The Nick of Time, Grosz emphasizes the political and cultural imperative to fundamentally rethink time: the more clearly we understand our temporal location as beings straddling the past and the future without the security of a stable and abiding present, the more transformation becomes conceivable. 

Grosz, E. (2005). Time Travels: Feminism, Nature, Power. Crows Nest, Allen and Unwin.feminism
law
politics
Sexuality
power
cultural studies
Social theory
futurity
method: dynamic rather than static
Darwin
biology
Bergson
Deleuze
William James
Merleau-Ponty
identity
Relevance: 2
feminist theory
Grosz
time as missing element
political time
critical temporalities
philosophy
continental Philosophy
phenomenology
Irigaray
nietzsche
Foucault
	While concepts of time underlie many of the central projects of feminist theory, law and justice, and the natural sciences as well as ideas about political struggle, temporality is rarely their direct object of analysis. In her essays brought together in this volume, Elizabeth Grosz moves questions about time and duration to the fore in order to explore how rethinking temporality might transform and revitalize key scholarly and political projects. Dealing with time in relation to topics ranging from female sexuality to conceptions of power to understandings of cultural studies, these essays reveal Grosz's advocacy of a politics of invention, a politics that cannot be mapped out in advance--one that is more invested in processes than in results. Grosz's reflections on how rethinking time might generate new understandings of nature, culture, subjectivity, and politics are wide-ranging. She moves from a compelling argument that Charles Darwin's notion of biological and cultural evolution can potentially benefit feminist, queer, and antiracist agendas to an exploration of modern jurisprudence's reliance on the sense that the future is always beyond reach. She examines Henri Bergson's philosophy of duration in light of the writings of Gilles Deleuze, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and William James, and she discusses issues of sexual difference, identity, pleasure, and desire in relation to the thought of Friedrich Nietzsche, Michel Foucault, Deleuze, and Luce Irigaray. Together, these essays demonstrate the broad scope and applicability of Grosz's thinking about time as an under-theorized but uniquely productive force. 

Grunebaum-Ralph, H. (2001). "Re-Placing Pasts, Forgetting Presents: Narrative, Place, and Memory in the Time of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission." Research in African Literatures 32(3): 198-212.Democracy
nationalism
South Africa
Africa
Forgiveness
Trauma
homogenising present
narrative
Collective memory
Shared past
Memory
identity
Critical temporalities
history
inclusion/exclusion
heritage sites
ethics
Place
Relevance: 2
	Not available - from the text:  As a cornerstone of the new South African democracy's project of nation-building, the TRC has, of course, mediated and framed individual trauma rooted in individual bodies in ways that subsume the individual into a homogenous and disembodied narrative of collectivity.2 This collectivity has been framed in terms of a common collective memory and instrumentalized in the name of the "new nation." Not surprisingly, the individual recounting of suffering and media representations of these accounts in service of "nation-building" have put into sharp relief the conflicting interests  of individuals who have testified and the overarching operations of the TRC as a state institution mostly to the detriment of individual witnesses. And yet  the TRC has succeeded (sometimes despite itself),3 in initiating a public dialogue with the ongoing effects of a traumatic past. For better and, in many instances, for worse, the TRC has altered lives in profound and unexpected ways... It is important to state, however, that as much as this paper seeks to  explore how, in representations of the histories of places and life-stories, disruptive or inassimilable memories become excluded, it is not intended  as a criticism of the important pedagogic and memorial functions of "new" heritage sites such as Robben Island. Nor does this reading attempt to  challenge the powerful historical and moral realities that are symbolized in representations of these sites and to which they attest. It is my contention  that for this critique to have ethical integrity in the context of a new and hard-won democracy it is imperative to acknowledge that there  is an important place for the heroic narratives of sacrifice, liberation, triumph, and redemption. What is the aim of these speculations? First, the unpacking of the reciprocal relationship between narrative, memory, and place might make visible  the processes by which the individual life story becomes a metonymy for the collective, in this instance, the "nation" where the memory and history  of the individual are constructed as the collective memory and public history of a nation...Second, when the site on which an occurrence quite literally takes  place becomes cognitively and discursively linked to the recollection and recounting of that occurrence, a reciprocal stabilization occurs  

Guenther, L. (2011). "Shame and the temporality of social life " Continental Philosophy Review 44(1): 23-39.Philosophy
Continental Philosophy
Levinas
Beauvoir
Sartre
Intersubjectivity
Shame
social time
Relevance: 2
Affect
normativity
inclusion/exclusion
ethics
non-homogeneous community
phenomenology
Gender
	Shame is notoriously ambivalent. On one hand, it operates as a mechanism of normalization and social exclusion, installing or reinforcing patterns of silence and invisibility; on the other hand, the capacity for shame may be indispensible for ethical life insofar as it attests to the subject’s constitutive relationality and its openness to the provocation of others. Sartre, Levinas and Beauvoir each offer phenomenological analyses of shame in which its basic structure emerges as a feeling of being exposed to others and bound to one’s own identity. For Sartre, shame is an ontological provocation, constitutive of subjectivity as a being-for-Others. For Levinas, ontological shame takes the form of an inability to escape one’s own relation to being; this predicament is altered by the ethical provocation of an Other who puts my freedom in question and commands me to justify myself. For Beauvoir, shame is an effect of oppression, both for the woman whose embodied existence is marked as shameful, and for the beneficiary of colonial domination who feels ashamed of her privilege. For each thinker, shame articulates the temporality of social life in both its promise and its danger. 

Gurvitch, G. (1964). The Spectrum of Social Time. Dordrecht, D. Reidel.sociology
Multiple temporalities
social time
Relevance: 2
coordinating between different times
temporal conflict
social structure
	The Spectrum of Social Time takes on special significance both in terms of its subject matter and as an introduction to Gurvitch's general theoretical framework. In this work he applies his depth level analysis to social time and brings into clear focus its multi-faceted aspects, the relation of these aspects to various social phenomena and their social frameworks.

Hage, G. (2001). Polluting Memories: Migration and Colonial Responsibility in Australia. "Race" panic and the memory of migration. M. Morris and B. d. Bary. Aberdeen, Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press: 333-362.Colonialism
Migration
Australia
Past in the present
Race
Memory
temporally extended responsibilities
nationalism
Responsibility
Belonging
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
Asynchrony
	not available - from the text:  In this article, I review some of the issues concerning national memory and national responsibility that have arisen in this debate and examine the way notions of participation and national belonging implicitly or explicitly underlie them. I then move to examine the way post-war migrant participation and responsibility has been conceved within this debate [Stolen Generations debate], particularly the question of why and how migrants from non-English speaking backgrounds should should some responsibility for what happened at a time when neither they nor their ancestors lived in Australia. I will critically examine the answers given to this question and the way they can help us reformulate our conceptions of the meaning and significant of participatory belonging. 

abstract for the book: 
The eighteen original essays in this volume--nine of which have been translated into English for the first time--explore the complex relations between violence, historical memory, and the production of "ethnicity" and "race."

Hägerstrand, T. (1970). "What about people in Regional Science?" Papers in Regional Science 24(1): 6-21.time as missing element
action
Sociology
critique of discipline
Migration
identity
time and space
social coordination
time allocation
time use
Trajectories
time geography
methodology
Relevance: 2
	"Historically, social scientists studying the effects of space on human behavior tended to treat time as an external factor, something that is relevant to understanding a given phenomenon, but not essential. Activity choices were seen being made in the context of distance alone, such as with the gravity model, and often these decisions were seen in an aggregate sense, with individual decisions viewed as minor variations of those of larger zonal-based groups.

Torsten Hägerstrand's paper, What about People in Regional Science? published in 1970, challenged such long-held beliefs. Having spent many years researching human migration patterns, he was convinced that the study of human beings as groups and aggregate populations masked the true nature of human patterns of movement. "It was primitive economics to assume that banks should worry about the identity of coins," he noted. "Is it advanced or primitive social science to disregard the identity of people over time in the same fashion?" While he felt that social scientists should "leave it to the historian[s] to concern [themselves] with biographies of sample individuals," he believed that an understanding of disaggregate spatial behavior was paramount.

Along with using the individual human as the unit of study, Hägerstrand also emphasized the importance of time in human activity. "Time has a critical importance when it comes to fitting people and things together for functioning in socio-economic systems," he noted. Hence, a given location may be near an individual, but if a person cannot allocate enough time to travel to it, spatial proximity alone will not be enough to allow the person to visit it.

Hägerstrand came up with the concept of a space-time path to illustrate how a person navigates his or her way through the spatial-temporal environment. The physical area around a given individual is reduced to a two-dimensional plane, on which his or her location and destination are represented as zero-dimensional points. Time is represented by the vertical axis, creating a three-dimensional "aquarium" representing a specific portion of space-time. The path of a stationary individual will appear as a vertical line between the starting and ending times, and a specific location (or "station") will trace a vertical "tube" in the same manner. If an individual moves between two stations over a period of time at a constant speed, it will draw a sloped line in the three-dimensional space-time between the two tubes. The faster an individual travels, the sooner he or she will reach the destination, and the more sloped the line will be." from http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/29

Hałas, E. (2008). "Issues of Social Memory and their Challenges in the Global Age." Time & Society 17(1): 103-118.Memory
Collective memory
globalisation
social time
Changing perceptions of time
temporal conflict
time as symbolic resource
Postcommunism
Poland
Europe
Relevance: 2
global present
history of changing perceptions of time
Critical temporalities
	The social experience of time is investigated in connection with the transformation of global power relations expressed symbolically. Collective memory in postmodernity is featured as a temporal distinctiveness of the global age. Consequently, problems of the politics of memory, followed by conflicts of memory come to the fore. Symptomatic for postmodernity in the context of globalization is the phenomenon of reshaping problems of memory into social problems. The global politics of memory and globalizing symbolic conflicts over memory are a new phenomenon. They are exemplified by the problems of memory in post-communist countries, with the focus on the case of Poland.

Halberstam, J. (2005). In a queer time and place: transgender bodies, subcultural lives. New York and London, New York University Press.queer theory
queer temporalities
critical temporalities
embodiment
Sexuality
gender
Method: case study
social time
inclusion/exclusion
art
cinema
literary theory
changing perceptions of time
Relevance: 2
Media
Halberstam
music
	In her first book since the critically acclaimed Female Masculinity, Judith Halberstam examines the significance of the transgender body in a provocative collection of essays on queer time and space. She presents a series of case studies focused on the meanings of masculinity in its dominant and alternative forms'especially female and trans-masculinities as they exist within subcultures, and are appropriated within mainstream culture. In a Queer Time and Place opens with a probing analysis of the life and death of Brandon Teena, a young transgender man who was brutally murdered in small-town Nebraska. After looking at mainstream representations of the transgender body as exhibited in the media frenzy surrounding this highly visible case and the Oscar-winning film based on Brandon's story, Boys Don't Cry, Halberstam turns her attention to the cultural and artistic production of queers themselves. She examines the "transgender gaze," as rendered in small art-house films like By Hook or By Crook, as well as figurations of ambiguous embodiment in the art of Del LaGrace Volcano, Jenny Saville, Eva Hesse, Shirin Neshat, and others. She then exposes the influence of lesbian drag king cultures upon hetero-male comic films, such as Austin Powers and The Full Monty, and, finally, points to dyke subcultures as one site for the development of queer counterpublics and queer temporalities. Considering the sudden visibility of the transgender body in the early twenty-first century against the backdrop of changing conceptions of space and time, In a Queer Time and Placeis the first full-length study of transgender representations in art, fiction, film, video, and music. This pioneering book offers both a jumping off point for future analysis of transgenderism and an important new way to understand cultural constructions of time and place.

Halbwachs, M. (1992). On Collective Memory. Chicago, University of Chicago.Memory
Sociology
Knowledge
multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
Relevance: 2
invention of tradition
time as symbolic resource
Multiple heritages
Halbwachs
History
France
Europe
	How do we use our mental images of the present to reconstruct our past? Maurice Halbwachs (1877-1945) addressed this question for the first time in his work on collective memory, which established him as a major figure in the history of sociology. This volume, the first comprehensive English- language translation of Halbwach's writings on the social construction of memory, fills a major gap in the literature on the sociology of knowledge. Halbwachs' primary thesis is that human memory can only function within a collective context. Collective memory, Halbwachs asserts, is always selective; various groups of people have different collective memories, which in turn give rise to different modes of behavior. Halbwachs shows, for example, how pilgrims to the Holy Land over the centuries evoked very different images of the events of Jesus' life; how wealthy old families in France have a memory of the past that diverges sharply from that of the nouveaux riches; and how working class constructions of reality differ from those of their middle-class counterparts. 

Hall, E. T. (1983). The Dance of Life: The Other Dimensions of Time. New York, NY, Anchor.inclusion/exclusion
temporal conflict
multiple temporalities
social time
Relevance: 2
Rhythms
temporal boundaries
time as symbolic resource
cultural variants of time
communication
	First published in 1983, this book studies how people are tied together and yet isolated by hidden threads of rhythm and walls of time. Time is treated as a language, organizer, and message system revealing people's feelings about each other and reflecting differences between cultures. 

Hall, J. R. (1980). "The Time of History and the History of Times." History and Theory 19(2): 113-131.history
chronology
social time
events
non-linear time
Multiple temporalities
Philosophy
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
historiography
time as missing element
critical temporalities
historical time
philosophy
cultural variants of time
temporal conflict
conceptions of time
epistemology
	not available - from text: Historiography, more than other human studies, has been confronted with the need to understand the nature of social time. Other disciplines, such as sociology and anthropology, often have pretended to escape time - sociology by looking to the eternal verities of social order, and anthropology by looking to the archaic social orders which construed themselves as eternal. True, sociology and anthropology have not totally ignored time. Especially these days, anthropologists have begun to recognize the need to account for contemporary "savage" societies in relation to "developed" societies. And sociology was born of the recognition of social change in the industrial revolution. At its inception, it offered counterpoint to historiography by positing social change as a shift over time in broad complexes of often "mundane" culture, social activities, and institutions. But the main tendency of both sociology and anthropology has been ahistorical, and even anti-historical. Historians, on the other hand, have been concerned in large part with giving accounts of the unfoldings of past events; and this concern has required, at least implicitly, a theory of social time. Too often historians have solved their temporal problematic by the fiat of posing objective, chronological time as the basis for observing the march of events. By way of combatting this solution, theorists of historiography occasionally have suggested that the stuff of history itself is contained in other, potentially non-chronological, temporal phenomena. At least since the beginning of this century, the straightforward chronology of "scientific" history has been challenged in two alternative developments. On the one hand, certain historians have explored the relativity of multiple scales of objective time. On the other hand, subjectivist philosophers have described the character of inner time consciousness, or subjective time; and subjectivist historians have advanced a relativism based on the recognition of multiple social actors with diverse and often conflicting social interests. Each of these intellectual trends has tended to undermine the Rankean epistemology of history; no longer could a history of elites be taken to represent the autonomous unfolding spirit of historical development. But the relativities achieved in subjectivist and objectivist approaches remain incommensurate with one another, for they are based on different conceptions of the nature of time and its relation to history. Consideration of these divergent approaches perhaps can lead to the development of a more profound historiographic conception of time.

Hama, M. (2000). "Time as power: The politics of social time in Conrad's The 'Secret Agent'." Conradiana 32(2): 123-143.power
social time
political time
literary theory
literature
modernity
Foucault
Perception of time
Multiple temporalities
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
Social coordination
time discipline
	not available - from http://www.scribd.com/doc/50194476/Cowley-Julian-Modern-English-Literature

[this article] rejects notions of the authoritarian nature of modernist time as fundamental to the novel, and instead installs a Foucauldian vision of time as fluid, individually articulated and, above all, powerful. Through and examination of three characters' perceptions of time, Hama contends that time in The Secret Agent is an act of willed social organisation rather than an oppressive force

Hareven, T. K. (1983). Family Time and Industrial Time. New York, Cambridge University Press.organisational temporalities
Temporal conflict
technology
labour time
USA
history
life course
Historical time
generations
sociology
Reproductive time
Method: longitudinal analysis
Method: dynamic rather than static
method: oral history
Method: quantitative
Relevance: 2
families
industrialisation
public and private time
	This pioneering study of the interaction of family life and the factory system of industrial production focuses on the largest textile concern in the world at the turn of the twentieth century, the Amoskeag Corporation in Manchester, New Hampshire. 

Harootunian, H. (2005). "Some Thoughts on Comparability and the Space-Time Problem." boundary 2 32(2): 23-52.History
time and space
methodology
method: comparative analysis
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
assumptions about time obscuring x
literary theory
Methodology
borders
	not available - from intro: In this essay, I am primarily concerned with exploring the increasing contemporary turn toward space and the resulting strategies of this move based on the elucidation of spatial categories in the interpretative sciences. This particular awareness has been manifested in the now overwhelming interest in tracking what moves between discrete spatial boundaries and across them. By the same token, I would like to address the question of temporality and the consequences of its recession from social and historical
analysis and perhaps suggest possible ways for a reunion with its spatial complement. In short, I would like to look into some of the afterlives of area studies and how its inaugural impulse for holism and comparison has been reconfigured in such ways as to retain and even privilege the spatial. I want to reflect on what, in effect, has enabled precisely those strategies that have led to considerations of diasporic bodies and their movements crossing borders, in-between states exhibiting hybrid combinations, the inside and outside,
and newer, enlarged bounded entities such as globe and empire. On the deficit side, I am thinking about the shifting relationship between the present and the past, and its intimations for a future, and how the withdrawal of time, as such, affects our capacity for comparative study. But it is important to add that I am not simply making a plea for a return to history, as it is so often invoked in the wake of the now-old new historicism, but rather calling for a restoration of considerations of the crucial spatiotemporal relationship that must attend any explanatory program. Part of this impulse has been prompted by the desire to reconsider the possibilities that attended area studies at its inception, as well as the conviction that comparability is too important a consideration to be left to disciplines such as comparative literature.

Harrison, R. (2005). Dreamtime, Old Time, This Time: Archaeology, memory and the present-past in a Northern Australian Aboriginal community. Object Lessons: Archaeology and Heritage in Australia. J. Lydon and T. Ireland. Melbourne, Australian Scholarly Publishing: 243-264.archaeology
Indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
Australia
past in the present
Asynchrony
memory
temporality of academic work
community archaeology
Method: Interviews
landscape
the past
nostalgia
narrative
Relevance: 2
community engagement
	This paper examines the way in which archaeological fieldwork both shapes, and is shaped by, Aboriginal articulations of the past. The collaborative process of selecting archaeological sites for study with the ‘Lamboo Mob’, a group of Aboriginal people who live in the town of Halls Creek, in the southeast Kimberley region of Western Australia, reflects a specific, shared perspective on their collective past. Here I interrogate the kinds of places which this group of former pastoral workers and their descendants identified as significant to them, and what these places might reflect in terms of a genre of ‘history-as-representation’, or a particular way of representing and expressing the past. Drawing on a series of interviews, I examine the ways in which the Lamboo Mob clearly linked the process of site selection to deeper meta-narratives about the landscape and the past. Over the course of the project, the Aboriginal participants moved from an emphasis on the vernacular, embodied and incidental engagements with the traces of the past that had marked our field surveys, toward a more narrative approach to the results of the project. I suggest that collaborative and community-based archaeological research creates a specific nostalgic ‘chronotope’ or space-time-experience within which Aboriginal collaborators are able to reflect upon their past. These reflections may reveal radically modern interpretations of the past-in-the-present

Hart, L. K. (1992). Time, Religion, and Social Experience in Rural Greece. Lanham, Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield.Greece
Religion
Ritual
Multiple temporalities
Anthropology
social time
teleology
tradition
multiple heritages
Relevance: 2
Sacred time
Rural communities
christianity
secularism
Social structure
time as symbolic resource
meaning
critical temporalities
contradictory present
non-linear time
history
	This is a study of Orthodox Christian practice in rural Greece with a focus on the interaction between religious imagination and everyday life. Based on extensive fieldwork in rural Greece, Hart offers a cross=disciplinary analysis of the structure and social reproduction of Greek religion, or the Greek religious imagination, through discussion of ritual activity and contemporary village life. Throughout, she emphasizes the long historical view and the heterogeneity of the ideas and practices of complex traditions, drawing on material from various periods of Greek history (pre-Christian, Byzantine, Ottoman, and post-Independence) in order to clarify contemporary practice. Hart links these investigations to reflections on the anthropology of time, "time" being conceived here as a schematization of what each culture proposes as the moral context or purpose of life. She is particularly interested in the frameworks of time and space that hold together the heterogeneous practices and ideas of complex traditions; and in the way certain substances and ritual figures serve as tangible icons of reality.

Harvey, D. (1990). The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Conditions of Cultural Change. Cambridge, MA & Oxford, UK, Blackwell.Postmodernism
time and space
history
social change
geography
Acceleration of time
Relevance: 2
Modernity
Harvey
Art
Literature
Architecture
perception of time
changing perceptions of time
cultural variants of time
social time
	A great deal has been written on what has variously been described as the post-modern condition and on post-modern culture, architecture, art and society. In this new book, David Harvey seeks to determine what is meant by the term in its different contexts and to identify how accurate and useful it is as a description of contemporary experience.But the book is much more than this: in the course of his investigation the author provides a social and semantic history - from the Enlightenment to the present - of modernism and its expression in political and social ideas and movements, as well as in art, literature and architecture. He considers in particular how the meaning and perception of time and space themselves vary over time and space, and shows that this variance affects individual values and social processes of the most fundamental kind. This book will be widely welcomed, not only for its clear and critical account of the arguments surrounding the propositions of modernity and post-modernity, but as an incisive contribution to the history of ideas and their relation to social and political change. 

Hassan, R. (2005). "Timescapes of the Network Society." Fast Capitalism 1(1).time and space
timescape
networks
Technology
Communication
globalisation
time as missing element
Changing perceptions of time
power
politics
neoliberalism
economics
Capitalism
Relevance: 2
	Since the late '70s, the mutually reinforcing interaction between neoliberal economics and the revolution in information and communication technologies (ICTs) has transformed the world in many ways. "Globalization" is what we have come to call this process, and many aspects of its profound effect have been analyzed from a range of perspectives (e.g. Appadurai 1990; Robertson 1993; Omahe 1993; Waters 1995; Bauman 1998; Steger 2003). This paper discusses a central element of this change through globalization that has so far received relatively little attention—our relationship with time and how this is changing, in turn, the nature of power and politics. More particularly, it looks at these changing dynamics of time, power and politics through the nexus between neoliberalism and the ICT revolution and the emergent network society that this process has created.

Hay, M. and J.-C. Usunier (1993). "Time and strategic action: a cross-cultural view." Time & Society 2(3): 313–334.Method: comparative analysis
action
Agency
chronos/kairos
organisational temporalities
Management
planning
Japan
finance
USA
U.K.
Germany
time perspective
cultural variants of time
Relevance: 2
	A business organization's sense of time is revealed through action and, specifically, through its approach to strategic planning. This paper presents a way of analysing an organization's temporal identity. We develop a framework showing the levels of strategic planning and their cross-cultural variability, especially in relation to Japanese temporal culture (Makimono time). The example of the strategies pursued by international banks originating from the US, the UK, Germany and Japan illustrates how a strategic time perspective is a reflection of the temporal cognitive styles prevailing in a particular culture. We further show the influence exerted by the constituencies to which an organization is beholden, the definition of performance criteria and their reinforcement through human resource management policies. 

Hazan, H., D. B. Bromley, et al. (1984). "Continuity and Transformation Among the Aged: A Study in the Anthropology of Time [and Comments]." Current Anthropology 25(5): 567-578.Continuity over time
aging
Anthropology
social time
U.K.
chronology
Method: re-studies
time as symbolic resource
Relevance: 2
	Properties of social time developed among members of a London day-care centre for the aged at two points of chronological time are compared. In the first study, members' temporal universe was found to be anchored in a change arresting conception of reality constructed and sustained by an isolated, egalitarian, present-bound social structure. The restudy, conducted seven years later, revealed that although the centre was no longer an isolated, egalitarian society, veteran members still adhered to temporal principles of the former structure. Thus the first period could be regarded as a formative phase for a mode of structured continuity with enduring elements of liminality. It is therefore suggested that time is not a mere reflection of social processes but their generator and hence a subject of anthropological investigation in its own right.

Healy, C. (1997). "In the Beginning was Captain Cook." Australian Humanities Review 5(March).Australia
Memory
History
Coevalness
Relevance: 2
myth
indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
past in the present
Asynchrony
	Not Available - quotes from article: I am interested in how stories of Cook came to have particular meanings in this country as Australia and Cook were connected and reconnected in the time of social memory. Is it possible to identify the rules and patterns of remembrance which gave such an honourable antipodean place to a European sailor? How was an episode in the history of exploration recycled as a story of genesis and to what effects? Aborigines remember Cook in different, complex and varied ways. Aboriginal histories of Captain Cook have been publicly circulated as oral testimony, myth, legend, history and protest in film, paintings and song. Some Aboriginal histories of Cook work with very different and distinctively creative formulations of time and place, of the connections between past and present and of the imperatives of cultural memory. These histories come from various places ranging from south-eastern Australia to the north and far west of the continent and can be dated to at least the early twentieth century. I want to suggest that the name of Cook links these diverse Aboriginal histories and provides one way of considering Aboriginal historical cultures. Reading them alongside European accounts is an attempt to take these Aboriginal acts of remembrance seriousIy as histories; to accept them as an invitation to think about the Eurocentric cultures of history that 1, along with many others, inherit and inhabit as one component of a colonial past. 

Heirich, M. (1964). "The Use of Time in the Study of Social Change." American Sociological Review 29(3): 386-397.sociology
social change
Review article
Causality
methodology
Relevance: 2
	Time--as an explanatory factor, a causal link between other variables, a quantitative measure of them, and a qualitative measure of their interplay--is central to models of social change. Its use by 11 theorists suggests how time may relate to current research into the what, how, when, and why of change.

Held, M. (1992). "Sustainable Development from a Temporal Perspective." Time & Society 10(2/3): 351-366.Sustainability
Development
generations
future generations
temporally extended responsibilities
time and space
Adam
temporal complexity
economics
Relevance: 2
timescape
	Sustainable development is an inherently temporal concept that includes future generations and their needs. We can improve the understanding of the concept if we explicitly start with a temporal perspective. The timescape framework is demonstrated as a useful tool to see the relevance of temporal diversity to direct our economy and way of life into the direction of sustainable development. 

Helliwell, C. and B. Hindess (2005). "The temporalising of difference." Ethnicities 5(3): 414-418.ethnicity
Coevalness
Postcolonialism
temporal distancing
inclusion/exclusion
colonialism
time as tool for political legitimation
time as symbolic
Development
Relevance: 2
Asynchrony
temporality of academic work
	Not available - from the text: The relegation of whole peoples and ways of life to the status of anachronisms, so clearly displayed in Schiller’s lecture and again in many western reflections on colonial rule, is of more than merely historical interest. The familiar social scientific discourse of modernity is predicated on a similar move, dividing the contemporary world into portions which are fully of our time, those which have yet to reach it and even, in some versions of the discourse, those which have moved on to a postmodern condition. Nor is the problem confined to academia. While direct colonial rule has long since been abandoned by western states, the developmental perspective which dominated much of its practice continues to inform the work of major development agencies, the human rights and other international regimes that constitute the contemporary equivalent of the older, European standard of civilization in international affairs, and other aspects of the West’s interactions with the non-western world.

Hellweg, F. (1931). "Telling the Nation's Time." The Scientific Monthly 32(6): 539-542.Clock time
nationalism
Standardisation
Relevance: 2
community engagement
national time
changing perceptions of time
science
	not available - from intro [article from rep of U.S. Navel Observatory]  I WONDER how many of you have ever given any thought to the question of how the nation's time is obtained, how it is kept, how it is transmitted to the millions of people, and how important a part accurate time plays in the life of every one.

Hemmings, C. (2005). "Telling feminist stories." Feminist Theory 6(2): 115-139.feminist theory
history
Methodology
Critical temporalities
linear time
narrative
progress
Multiple temporalities
temporality of academic work
Method: discourse analysis
generations
heritage
Relevance: 2
political time
time as symbolic resource
Trajectories
homogenising present
feminism
	This article identifies and analyses the dominant stories that academics tell about the development of Western second wave feminist theory. Through an examination of recent production of interdisciplinary feminist and cultural theory journals, I suggest that despite a rhetorical insistence on multiple feminisms, Western feminist trajectories emerge as startlingly singular. In particular, I am critical of an insistent narrative that sees the development of feminist thought as a relentless march of progress or loss. This dominant approach oversimplifies the complex history of Western feminisms, fixes writers and perspectives within a particular decade, and repeatedly (and erroneously) positions poststructuralist feminists as ‘the first’ to challenge the category ‘woman’ as the subject and object of feminist knowledge. Rather than provide a corrective history of Western feminist theory, the article interrogates the techniques through which this dominant story is secured, despite the fact that we (feminist theorists) know better. My focus, therefore, is on citation patterns, discursive framings and some of their textual, theoretical and political effects. As an alternative, I suggest a realignment of key theorists purported to provide a critical break in feminist theory with their feminist citational traces, to force a concomitant re-imagining of our historical legacy and our place within it.

Hensley, P. B. (1992). "Time, Work, and Social Context in New England." The New England Quarterly 65(4): 531-559.labour time
USA
history
changing perceptions of time
time as missing element
critique of discipline
industrialisation
Clock time
time discipline
relevance: 2
time reckoning
	not available - from the text:  In formulating their generalizations, however, social and labor historians have had few studies linking time and work in New England prior to the nineteenth century on which they could rely;5 thus, they have generally failed to under- stand the importance of time in early America. Indeed, far from being inattentive to time, New Englanders-within their own social context-bore the imprint of time long be-fore the emergence of the factory. Yet that context itself changed over time, and as it did New Englanders modified their perceptions of time and its uses to accommodate new realities. Along the way, many townspeople learned valu-able lessons about time that stood them in good stead as in-dustry overspread the region. As we shall see, by the eve of industrialization, descendants of the early Puritans had become quite accustomed to watching their clocks and counting their days. 

Herzfeld, M. (1991). A Place in History: Social and Monumental Time in a Cretan Town. Princeton, Princeton University Press.Anthropology
Crete
Greece
europe
heritage
Collective memory
shared past
Archaeology
modernity
Method: ethnography
temporal conflict
inclusion/exclusion
multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
Bureaucracy
conservation practices
shared past
Tradition
Modernity
monuments
History
kinship
tourism
	Michael Herzfeld describes what happens when a bureaucracy charged with historic conservation clashes with a local populace hostile to the state and suspicious of tourism. Focusing on the Cretan town of Rethemnos, once a center of learning under Venetian rule and later inhabited by the Turks, he examines major questions confronting conservators and citizens as they negotiate the "ownership" of history: Who defines the past? To whom does the past belong? What is "traditional" and how is this determined? Exploring the meanings of the built environment for Rethemnos's inhabitants, Herzfeld finds that their interest in it has more to do with personal histories and the immediate social context than with the formal history that attracts the conservators. He also investigates the inhabitants' social practices from the standpoints of household and kin group, political association, neighborhood, gender ideology, and the effects of these on attitudes toward home ownership. In the face of modernity, where tradition is an object of both reverence and commercialism, Rethemnos emerges as an important ethnographic window onto the ambiguous cultural fortunes of Greece.

Hesford, V. and L. Diedrich, Eds. (2008). Feminist time against nation time : gender, politics, and the nation-state in an age of permanent war. Lanham, MD, Lexington Books.gender
feminist theory
Kristeva
Grosz
Multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
nationalism
break in time
Critical temporalities
war
Colonialism
politics
Relevance: 2
national time
feminism
women's time
coordinating between different times
untimely
media
	Feminist Time against Nation Time combines philosophical examinations of "Women's Time" by Julia Kristeva and "The Time of Thought" by Elizabeth Grosz with essays offering case studies of particular events, including Kelly Oliver's essay on the media coverage of the U.S. wars on terror in Afghanistan and in Iraq, and Betty Joseph's on the anticolonial uses of "women's time" in the creation of nineteenth-century Indian nationalism. Victoria Hesford and Lisa Diedrich juxtapose feminist time against nation time in order to consider temporalities that are at once "contrary" but also "close to" or "drawing toward" each other. As an untimely project, feminism necessarily operates in a different temporality from that of the nation. Against-ness is used to provoke a rupture, a momentary opening up of a disjuncture between the two that allows us to explore the possibilities of creating a space and time for feminists to think against the current of the present moment. Feminist Time against Nation Time will appeal to all levels to students and scholars. Book jacket.

Heydebrand, W. (2003). "The Time Dimension in Marxian Social Theory." Time & Society 12(2-3): 147-188.marxism
labour time
history
action
Capitalism
globalisation
Trajectories
epochalism
historical time
Relevance: 2
finance
	This article considers praxis, labor, and history as aspects of time that are constitutive of Marxian theory. The transition from `praxis' to the critical analysis of capitalism in the labor theory of surplus value is discussed. The main part of the article suggests steps for analyzing the historical dimension of capitalist globalization. First, the forms of capital and their trajectories, e.g. commercial, productive, and financial capital, are distinguished. Second, transnational capitalist expansion is described and explained, using the movement of finance capital as the main criterion of historical periodization. Third, the article shows the importance of a unique moment of historical time, namely the major part of the 20th century, for making Marxian theorizing amenable to certain standards of explanatory social theory.

Hobsbawm, E. and T. O. Ranger, Eds. (1983). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.tradition
imagined pasts
U.K.
ritual
past in the present
Asynchrony
Anthropology
History
shared past
Collective memory
Multiple heritages
invention of tradition
Relevance: 2
counter traditions
critical temporalities
ritual
India
Africa
	Many of the traditions which we think of as very ancient in their origins were not in fact sanctioned by long usage over the centuries, but were invented comparatively recently. This book explores examples of this process of invention - the creation of Welsh and Scottish 'national culture'; the elaboration of British royal rituals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; the origins of imperial rituals in British India and Africa; and the attempts by radical movements to develop counter-traditions of their own. It addresses the complex interaction of past and present, bringing together historians and anthropologists in a fascinating study of ritual and symbolism which poses new questions for the understanding of our history.

Hodges, M. (2008). "Rethinking time's arrow: Bergson, Deleuze and the anthropology of time." Anthropological Theory 8(4).Bergson
Deleuze
becoming
history
Anthropology
Philosophy
Method: dynamic rather than static
methodology
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
temporal flow
processual
time as missing element
critique of discipline
	Since the early 1970s, time has come to the fore as a constitutive element of social analysis in the guise of what I term here 'fluid time'. Anthropologists of multiple theoretical persuasions now take for granted that social life exists in 'time', 'flow', or 'flux', and this temporal ontology is commonly accepted as a universal, if habitually unquestioned, attribute of human experience. Similarly, it underpins today's dominant paradigm of 'processual' analysis, in its many forms. Yet this concept is notably under-theorized, in keeping with a history of uneven study by social scientists of time. In this article I draw on anthropological approaches by Gell and Munn, and philosophical work by Bergson and Deleuze, to put forward a critical theorization. I then discuss its ramifications. Ultimately, I argue that this model points to a rapprochement between the anthropological study of time and history, sociality and temporality, and an enhanced role for temporal analysis in anthropological theory.

Hodges, M. (2010). "The time of the interval: Historicity, modernity, and epoch in rural France." American Ethnologist 37(1): 115-131.Anthropology
history
modernity
France
Europe
Rural communities
epochalism
tradition
imagined pasts
Unpredictibility
Collective memory
identity
social time
Continuity over time
methodology
Critique of discipline
Relevance: 2
	With recognition that historical consciousness, or "historicity," is culturally mediated comes acknowledgment that periodization of history into epochs is as much a product of cultural practice as a reflection of historical "fact." In this article, I examine popular "modernist" invocations of epoch in rural France -- those positing traditional pasts against fluid presents with uncertain futures -- which scholars frequently subordinate to analyses of collective memory and identity politics. Submitting this "response" to French modernity to temporal analysis reveals an additional critique in this periodization, one that valorizes enduring social time over processual temporalities, with implications for the temporal frameworks and ideology of anthropologists. 

Holtzman, J. (2004). "The Local in the Local: Models of Time and Space in Samburu District, Northern Kenya." Current Anthropology 45(1): 61-84.Anthropology
globalisation
national time
Capitalism
time and space
homogenising present
critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
Kenya
Africa
Geography
western imperialism
local time
changing perceptions of time
western imperialism
	Viewing the global in the local has become an increasingly central approach in recent anthropology as anthropologists have sought to explicate the ethnographic correlates of globalization. While this approach has produced some of the most important work in recent anthropology, it rests upon long-standing Western notions of space and time that dichotomize “here” and “there” principally by reference to capitalism and the state. Through an examination of transformed geographical models of and about Samburu pastoralists in northern Kenya, it is argued here that this model is itself a global export and that a consideration of Samburu instantiations of it—how and why Samburu have adopted it, what they use it for, and the assumptions that they have adopted in the process—serves to reflect aspects of anthropologists' own cultural constructions of “the local.” Recognizing the Western folk elements in global/local models of time and space destabilizes discourses of globalization as a transcultural historical process through an acknowledgment of the cultural specificity through which we situate our own analyses.

Hon, T.-k. (2010). "From a Hierarchy in Time to a Hierarchy in Space: The Meanings of Sino-Babylonianism in Early Twentieth-Century China." Modern China 36(2): 139-169.Sinology
China
History
nationalism
evolution
Coevalness
temporal vs spatial communities
Relevance: 2
imagined pasts
international politics
politics
linear time
time as tool for political legitimation
time as symbolic resource
Hierarchy
	In 1892, Terrien de Lacouperie (1845—1894), professor of Chinese at University College in London, set out to prove that the Chinese migrated from Mesopotamia in prehistoric times. Despite mixed responses from his colleagues, Lacouperie’s “Sino-Babylonianism” found its way into China and captured the imagination of Chinese historians from the 1900s to 1930s. Whether they supported or opposed Lacouperie’s view, Chinese historians were intrigued by his boldness in linking early China to the global network of trade and cultural exchange. This article examines how Chinese historians adopted, transformed, and appropriated Sino-Babylonianism in their discourse on the nation. It argues that the rise and fall of Sino-Babylonianism coincided with the Chinese perceptions of the world system of nation-states. Sino-Babylonianism was warmly received when the Chinese perceived the world system of nation-states as a hierarchy in temporality, prescribing a process of evolution that all human communities must follow. Sino-Babylonianism was fiercely rejected when the Chinese saw the world system of nation-states as a hierarchy in space, characterized by incessant territorial expansion of imperialist powers. In both instances, Sino-Babylonianism was no longer what Lacouperie had proposed in the late nineteenth century. Rather, it was an important benchmark for the Chinese understanding of the modern global order.

Hope, W. (2009). "Conflicting Temporalities: State, nation, economy and democracy under global capitalism " Time & Society 18(1): 62-85.temporal conflict
national time
nationalism
economics
Democracy
globalisation
information Technology
Acceleration of time
Short-term perspectives
Multiple temporalities
long-term perspectives
Asynchrony
Changing perceptions of time
Political time
Relevance: 2
capitalism
finance
Deceleration of time
policy
	The information and communication technology (ICT) driven, real-time tendencies of global capitalism are predominant, but they are not universal. Fast, short-term profits undermine long-term strategies of capital accumulation. In this respect, the structures and activities of global capitalism are riven by temporal contradictions. Such is evident between and within different fractions of capital. Fast and long-term imperatives also conflict within transnational corporations and business administration. On a global scale, the clash between different cultural traditions of corporate capitalism reflects opposing temporal logics of profit maximization. How then do these temporal contradictions play out empirically? My response to this question explores the general idea that spatio-temporal fixes enable the cohesion and reproduction of capitalist systems. To this end, I will point out that under global capitalism spatio-temporal fixes cannot be guaranteed. There are no built-in congruities interlinking state, nation, economy and society. Global networks of finance, production and corporate governance may weaken the conjunctures between nation, state, economy and society and exacerbate temporal disjunctures within them. From these observations, I will argue that state-centred constructions of time and temporality are weakening against the general, real-time tendencies of global capitalism. This sharpens temporal conflicts within the nationally constituted economy and the nationally circumscribed state. As upper reaches of the nation state conform to the temporal urgency of institutionalized supranational decision making, the marginalized national polity is answerable to the slower temporal rhythms of representative assembly, the election cycle, public policy formation and civil society. Against this background, worldwide coalitions opposed to ruling global interests are also riven by conflicting temporalities. Such conflicts reflect the temporal contradictions of global capitalism and the associated temporal conflicts within states, nations and economies.

Howe, L. E. A. (1981). "The Social Determination of Knowledge: Maurice Bloch and Balinese Time." Man 16(2): 220-234.knowledge
indonesia
Asia
Bloch
Anthropology
Ritual
Cyclical time
linear time
Duration
Multiple temporalities
Asynchrony
social time
Conceptions of time
Relevance: 2
	This essay refutes Bloch's claim that the Balinese possess two distinct conceptions of time, a linear, durational notion attrubutable to a 'practical' domain, and a cyclical, non-durational notion attributable to a 'ritual' domain. I argue instead that they have a single coherent concept of duration and that such duration exhibits features of both cyclicity and linearity. I further contend that although duration (the passage of time) is an inevitable fact of experience, the particular manner in which it is expressed in a culture is socially created.

Huang, S.-w. (2004). "‘Times’ and Images of Others in an Amis Village, Taiwan." Time & Society 13(2-3): 321-337.Asia
Conceptions of time
multiple temporalities
Coevalness
Cultural diversity
cultural variants of time
inclusion/exclusion
non-homogeneous community
Relevance: 2
	Why different ‘times’ (or different ‘categories of objectified time’) coexist among the Amis in Iwan? I argue that the Amis’ images of others provide an answer to it. For the Amis in that village, four significant others have relations with them. This article explores how the images of others reflect in the time dimension. In sum, attempting to combine their own cultural traditions with certain cultural elements of ‘superior’ others, and strive for a better future is the important cultural mechanism of the Amis.

Hughes, D. O. and T. R. Trautmann, Eds. (1995). Time: histories and ethnologies. Ann Arbor, MI University of Michigan Press.social time
Anthropology
history
Method: ethnography
cultural variants of time
India
Asia
Past in the present
National time
carribean
italy
Europe
Memory
non-linear time
Peru
Latin America
past in the future
chronobiology
biology
history of changing perceptions of time
inclusion/exclusion
indonesia
Method: oral history
perception of time
Relevance: 2
time as all encompassing
perception of time
time as symbolic resource
Western imperialism
	Time is the subject of several rather different conversations. Some of them, such as that of the cosmologists and theoretical physicists, are nearly impenetrable to nonspecialists; others have an easy popular appeal. In this volume, editors Diane Owen Hughes and Thomas R. Trautmann collect nine essays on the related but distinct conversation about time that takes place at the intersection of history and ethnology. From the standpoint of Enlightenment reason, time should be a universal and uniform category of understanding. Yet in fact, this category is understood in different cultures in extremely diverse ways. The historians and anthropologists who contribute to this volume address this problem not in the abstract and the general but in contexts that are determinate and highly particular. Individual essays address the sense of time in a wide range of historical and present cultures, from the Yucatan to the Iparakuyo Maasai. Their discussion of whether nonuniform time is to be understood as socially constructed or as determined by relations of production, as the mystification of privilege or as cultural design, differs from philosophical discussions of time in that the real-world standard to which it submits itself is always culturally plural. 

Hutchings, K. (2008). Time and World Politics: Thinking the Present. Manchester, Manchester University Press.politics
international Relations
international politics
political theory
philosophy
Continental Philosophy
Multiple temporalities
time as tool for political legitimation
Shared present
global present
temporal distancing
temporal conflict
coevalness
Postcolonialism
feminist theory
Derrida
Deleuze
Negri
untimely
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
Assumptions about time obscuring x
Virilio
Agamben
Habermas
historical time
political time
history
	This book offers the first authoritative guide to assumptions about time in theories of contemporary world politics. It demonstrates how predominant theories of the international or global 'present' are affected by temporal assumptions, grounded in western political thought, that fundamentally shape what we can and cannot know about world politics today. In so doing, it puts into question the ways in which social scientists and normative theorists diagnose 'our' post Cold War times. The first part of the book traces the philosophical roots of assumptions about time in contemporary political and international theory. The second part of the book examines contemporary theories of world politics, including liberal and realist International Relations theories and the work of Habermas, Hardt and Negri, Virilio and Agamben. In each case, it is argued, assumptions about political time ensure the identification of the particular temporality of western experience with the political temporality of the world as such and put the theorist in the unsustainable position of holding the key to the direction of world history. In the final chapter, the book draws on postcolonial and feminist thinking, and the philosophical accounts of political time in the work of Derrida and Deleuze, to develop a new 'untimely' way of thinking about time in world politics. This book will be required reading for all those interested in the philosophical bases and critical possibilities of contemporary theories of international and global politics.

Ikuko, N. (1997). "The `Civilization' of Time: Japan and the Adoption of the Western Time System " Time & Society 6(2-3): 237-259.Japan
changing perceptions of time
time as natural
linear time
industrialisation
Acceleration of time
Development
Coevalness
Relevance: 2
Asynchrony
	Over the past century, Japanese society has undergone a radical change in its temporal experience, moving from one following the rhythms of nature to one of mathematical precision, namely, the western time system. Why did Japan westernize its time? This paper argues that it was for the sake of industrialization, where time was equated with profit. The accelerating sense of time reflected Japan's desperate efforts to catch up with the western level of industry in the shortest possible time.

Ingold, T. (1993). "The Temporality of the Landscape." World Archaeology 25(2): 152-174.environment
landscape
Archaeology
Anthropology
experiential time
action
rhythms
relevance: 2
labour time
	Landscape and temporality are the major unifying themes of archaeology and social-cultural anthropology. This paper attempts to show how the temporality of the landscape may be understood by way of a 'dwelling perspective' that sets out from the premise of people's active, perceptual engagement in the world. The meaning of 'landscape' is clarified by contrast to the concepts of land, nature and space. The notion of 'taskscape' is introduced to denote a pattern of dwelling activities, and the intrinsic temporality of the taskscape is shown to lie in its rhythmic interrelations or patterns of resonance. By considering how taskscape relates to landscape, the distinction between them is ultimately dissolved, and the landscape itself is shown to be fundamentally temporal. Some concrete illustrations of these arguments are drawn from a painting by Bruegel, The Harvesters.

Isella, L., J. Stehlé, et al. (2011). "What's in a crowd? Analysis of face-to-face behavioral networks." Journal of Theoretical Biology 271(1): 166-180.Method: dynamic rather than static
Method: social network analysis
biology
networks
Temporality of academic work
Museums
face-to-face
relevance: 2
	The availability of new data sources on human mobility is opening new avenues for investigating the interplay of social networks, human mobility and dynamical processes such as epidemic spreading. Here we analyze data on the time-resolved face-to-face proximity of individuals in large-scale real-world scenarios. We compare two settings with very different properties, a scientific conference and a long-running museum exhibition. We track the behavioral networks of face-to-face proximity, and characterize them from both a static and a dynamic point of view, exposing important differences as well as striking similarities. We use our data to investigate the dynamics of a susceptible-infected model for epidemic spreading that unfolds on the dynamical networks of human proximity. The spreading patterns are markedly different for the conference and the museum case, and they are strongly impacted by the causal structure of the network data. A deeper study of the spreading paths shows that the mere knowledge of static aggregated networks would lead to erroneous conclusions about the transmission paths on the dynamical networks.

James, I. (2006). "On Interrupted Myth." Journal for Cultural Research 9(4): 331 - 349.Jean-Luc Nancy
Continental Philosophy
Philosophy
non-homogeneous community
myth
Break in time
political theory
action 
Relevance: 2
open future
communism
	This article engages critically with Jean‐Luc Nancy’s thinking of community such as it develops in his collaboration with Philippe Lacoue‐Labarthe in the Centre for Philosophical Research on the Political (1980–1984) and in the major work which arises from this collaboration, The Inoperative Community (1986). It examines some of the responses to Nancy’s thinking on community (principally by Nancy Fraser, Simon Critchley and more recently by Andrew Norris), in order to suggest that the (to varying degrees) negative criticisms which have been advanced do not do justice to the philosophical complexity of his account. Through a detailed discussion of Nancy’s engagement with myth in The Inoperative Community and with the notion of “interrupted myth” this article argues that, although Nancy’s thought does not allow philosophy to provide a metaphysical foundation or projected programme for an engaged politics, it does point towards a “politics‐to‐come”. Such a politics would be articulated at the point at which Nancy’s thinking of community, “interrupted myth” and judgment or decision meet or mutually imply each other. Through a final discussion of Nancy’s more recent work around the question of worldhood and what he terms the “creation of the world”, this article will conclude that Nancy’s “politics of interruption” allows for a renewed engagement with the term “communism” and for a limited re‐inscription of the concept of the universal with political judgment or decision.

Jameson, F. (2003). "The End of Temporality." Critical Inquiry 29: 695–718.literary theory
Postmodernism
modernity
time and space
methodology
Multiple temporalities
history
Relevance: 2
Philosophy
temporal distancing
time as all encompassing
Asynchrony
Development
industrialisation
coordinating between different times
Deep time
critical temporalities
time as missing element
Uneven development
Modernization
globalisation
	not available - from the text: Even if such a shift from a temporal to a spatial dominant be acknowledged, however, it would seem momentous enough to demand further explanation; the causal or historical hypotheses are here neither evident nor plausible. Why should the great age of Western imperialism, for example—beginning with the conference of Berlin in 1885, it is more or less contemporaneous with the flourishing of what we call modern art—be any less spatially impressionable than that of globalization today? By much the same token, why should the stressed and harried followers of today’s stock market listings be any less temporally sensitive than the residents of the first great industrial cities?

I want to suggest an account in terms of something like existential uneven development; it fleshes out the proposition that modernism is to be grasped as a culture of incomplete modernization and links that situation to the proposition about modernism’s temporal dominant. The argument was suggested by Arno Mayer’s Persistence of the Old Regime, which documents a counterintuitive lag in the modernization of Europe, where, even at the turn of the last century and the putative heyday of high modernism, only a minute percentage of the social and physical space of the West could be considered either fully modern in technology or production or substantially bourgeois in its class culture.7 These twin developments were not completed in most European countries until the end of World War II.

It is an astonishing revision, which demands the correction of many of our historical stereotypes; in the matter that concerns us here, it will therefore be in the area of an only partially industrialized and defeudalized social order that we have to explain the emergence of the various modernisms. I want to conjecture that the protagonists of those aesthetic and philosophical revolutions were people who still lived in two distinct worlds simultaneously; born in those agricultural villages we still sometimes characterize as medieval or premodern, they developed their vocations in the new urban agglomerations with their radically distinct and “modern” spaces and temporalities. The sensitivity to deep time in the moderns then registers this comparatist perception of the two socioeconomic temporalities, which the first modernists had to negotiate in their own lived experience. By the same token, when the premodern vanishes, when the peasantry shrinks to a picturesque remnant, when suburbs replace the villages and modernity reigns triumphant and homogeneous over all space, then the very sense of an alternate temporality disappears as well, and postmodern generations are dispossessed (without even knowing it) of any differential sense of that deep time the first moderns sought to inscribe in their writing.

Jameson, F. (2005). Archaeologies of the future: the desire called utopia and other science fictions. London, Verso.literary theory
science fiction
Utopia
imagined futures
the future
Shared future
Absence of future
inclusion/exclusion
Apocalypse
politics
Revolution
Relevance: 2
postcommunism
	In an age of globalization characterized by the dizzying technologies of the First World, and the social disintegration of the Third, is the concept of utopia still meaningful?Archaeologies of the Future, Jameson's most substantial work since Postmodernism, Or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, investigates the development of this form since Thomas More, and interrogates the functions of utopian thinking in a post-Communist age.The relationship between utopia and science fiction is explored through the representations of otherness alien life and alien worlds and a study of the works of Philip K. Dick, Ursula LeGuin, William Gibson, Brian Aldiss, Kim Stanley Robinson and more. Jameson's essential essays, including "The Desire Called Utopia," conclude with an examination of the opposing positions on utopia and an assessment of its political value today.Archaeologies of the Future is the third volume, after Postmodernism and A Singular Modernity, of Jameson's project on the Poetics of Social Forms.

Jarosz, L. A. (1994). "Taboo and Time-Work Experience in Madagascar." Geographical Review 84(4): 439-450.labour time
Agriculture
national time
Standardisation
Critical temporalities
identity
Geography
Africa
Relevance: 2
changing perceptions of time
economics
temporal distancing
	The rice cultivators of Alaotra, Madagascar, resist changes in time-work experience initiated by the green revolution. Cultivators observe taboo days for economic, social, and cultural reasons and as an evasive tactic in the face of state intervention in landownership and cropping patterns. Peasant work rhythms are not mindless adherence to tradition: they are logical responses to economic and social constraints and signify cultural practices that ensure group identity and the continued existence of cultural rules.

Jennifer, B. (2008). "A Comforting Past: Skirting Conflict and Complexity at Montgomery’s Inn." Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes 42(1): 127-153.the past
temporal conflict
temporal complexity
Heritage
Museums
Canada
memory
history
imagined pasts
commemorative events
Separation from the past
temporal distancing
historiography
Relevance: 2
Urban communities
	This essay explores the history of Montgomery’s Inn, a nineteenth-century tavern redeveloped in the 1960s as a community museum in the Toronto suburb of Etobicoke. The inn becomes an interesting microcosm for the nature of 1960s commemorations: the weakness of the site lies not in its selection of artifacts or historical themes, but rather in its representation of the past as a simpler and more harmonious time, removed from complexity and the forces of change. This tendency to romanticize the past is due in part to forces at work in the period in which the museum was established. The essay compares aspects of the site’s interpretation of the past with the existing historiography on life in mid-nineteenth-century Upper Canada/Canada West. It shows that the “authentic” past at Montgomery’s Inn, as much as we can know it, was far from simple and harmonious. 

Johnson, A. (1975). "Time Allocation in a Machiguenga Community." Ethnology 14(3): 301-310.Method: ethnography
Method: quantitative
Anthropology
Time allocation
methodology
critique of discipline
time as missing element
method: participant observation
method: time-use data
relevance: 2
	not available, from the text: The manner in which individuals spend their time is a basic dimension of ethnographic description. Under such headings as "the daily round," "the annual cycle," or "the division of labor by sex," most ethnographies eventually describe the broad outlines of time allocation in the community. This information is then used by theorists to construct comparative generalizations. In general, however, ethnographic estimates of time inputs or product outputs are rarely quantified...Despite the achievement of a relatively high level of  quantification in a few studies, some serious measurement problems remain. The most serious concerns the representativeness of the data...second, conclusions drawn from an intensive study of a few individuals cannot automatically be extended to the remainder of the community. A second measurement problem is that full-time studies of human activities are both time consuming and exhausting, because direct observation of activities is the only reliable technique for most purposes A third problem is the absence of uniform means of reporting data...A solution to these problems could be sought in devoting more field time to the study of time allocation. Experience shows, however, that this strategy rapidly exceeds the point of diminishing returns. For although time expenditure data are often crucial in anthropological explanations, they are seldom the only matters at issue; rather, they constitute one data set in far more extensive arguments. Devotion of major amounts of field time to collecting time-allocation data results in degrees of accuracy too detailed to interest most anthropologists, while simultaneously sacrificing such other basic information as exchange relations or kinship structure, which anthropologists also consider essential.

Johnson-Hanks, J. (2002). "On the Limits of Life Stages in Ethnography: Toward a Theory of Vital Conjunctures." American Anthropologist 104(3): 865-880.Anthropology
Method: ethnography
Methodology
life course
Method: dynamic rather than static
Bourdieu
families
Agency
relevance: 2
Unpredictibility
future orientation
Method: life histories
Cameroon
Gender
temporal boundaries
reproductive time
children/youth
Families
	This article argues for a new anthropology of the life course, one founded in indeterminacy and innovation. The fact that vital life events are rarely coherent, clear in direction, or fixed in outcome dramatically limits the usefulness of the life cycle model. In its place, I propose a unit of social analysis based in aspiration rather than event. I call this the vital conjuncture--integrating the "vital" of demographic vital events with Bourdieu's conception of the conjuncture of structure and action. Vital conjunctures suggest a new way of aggregating life history experiences and thus working between the individual and the social, free from the stultifying assumption of étapes de vie. To illustrate the usefulness of the concept of "vital conjuncture," I focus on motherhood among young, educated Beti women in southern Cameroon. I demonstrate that rather than a clear threshold into female adulthood, here motherhood is a loosely bounded, fluid status. Contrary both to folk intuition and to the assumptions of a life cycle framework, Beti motherhood is not a stable status. Beti women who have borne children are not necessarily mothers, at least not all the time. Motherhood, instead, constitutes a temporary social status, an agent position that can be inhabited in specific forms of social action. The material offers perhaps an extreme example of what I argue is a more general phenomenon: "life stages" emerge only as the result of institutional projects; their coherence should be an object, rather than an assumption, of ethnographic inquiry.

Johnson-Hanks, J. (2002). "On the modernity of traditional contraception: time and the social context of fertility." Population and Development Review 28(2): 229-249.health care
Reproductive time
women
social time
Development
time management
Cyclical time
scheduling
modernity
Tradition
inclusion/exclusion
time as symbolic resource
Cameroon
Method: surveys
Meaning
technology
Relevance: 2
asynchrony
	Many studies of fertility implicitly equate temporal management, biomedical contraception, and "modernity" on the one hand, and "tradition,' the lack of intentional timing, and uncontrolled fertility on the other. This article questions that equation, focusing on the widespread use of periodic abstinence in southern Cameroon. Drawing on field data and the Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey, the article investigates how local concepts of timing shape both contraceptive choice and the evaluation of methods as "modern" or "traditional.' Cameroonian women prefer periodic abstinence because they perceive it as "modern,' a modernity tied both to the social context in which it is taught and to its unique temporal form. By contrast, Depo-Provera, pills, and the IUD are seen as less-than-modern, because they are less exigent of temporal control. The reliance on a behavioural, rather than technological, contraceptive method parallels the experience of the European fertility transition. Cameroonian women draw on a complex social repertoire in making contraceptive choices; methods are preferred or rejected not only on the basis of their efficacy in averting pregnancy, but also because of their correspondence to models of legitimate social action. Reproductive practices may have social motivations that are unrelated to fertility per se.

Johnson-Hanks, J. (2005). "When the Future Decides: Uncertainty and Intentional Action in Contemporary Cameroon." Current Anthropology 46(3): 363-385.Future
women
future orientation
Unpredictibility
Cameroon
Africa
Anthropology
Planning
Futurity
Absence of future
action
reproductive time
life course
Agency
chronos/kairos
method: ethnography
Schutz
Causality
Relevance: 2
	Young Beti women in Cameroon regularly assert that because they are uncertain about what the future will bring, they cannot make any plans. But they do plan, strategize, and indeed act quite effectively. The purpose of this paper is to explain how they do so, specifically in reference to marriage and reproduction, and thereby to contribute to a general understanding of intentionality, uncertainty, and social action. Action has been commonly theorized as the fulfillment of a prior intention. But uncertainties, both the probabilistic uncertainty of events and the subject’s experience of uncertainty, threaten to dissolve the link between intention and its fulfillment. This paper argues that, at least under the conditions of uncertainty applicable in contemporary Africa, effective social action is based not on the fulfillment of prior intentions but on a judicious opportunism: the actor seizes promising chances. In other words, women’s negation of Weberian rational action is not a lack; by engaging in heterogeneous activities without a clear trajectory in mind, they are able to get by. The paper makes this argument on the basis of ethnographic and demographic data from Cameroon and theoretical analyses of the work of Searle, Schutz, and Hume.

Jolly, M. (1999). "Another Time, Another Place." Oceania 69(4): 282-299.Gender
multiple temporalities
narrative
Pacific Island nations
religion
migration
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
time/space compression
feminist theory
Modernity
postmodernism
women's time
	This paper explores the way in which the languages of space and time condense and how the values of spatiotemporal fluidity and fixity are gendered. It considers several narratives from South Pentecost, Vanuatu, stories of primordial beings and of more proximate ancestors which alike stress women's association with flight and flood. Such narratives are situated in the context of labour migration in colonial history and more recent patterns of migration to towns. Here too, the movement of men and women is differentially constructed. These processes are considered in the context of recent feminist theories of the relation of spatiality and temporality, in modernity and 'postmodernity'.

Jonas, K. J. and P. Huguet (2008). "What Day Is Today? A Social-Psychological Investigation Into the Process of Time Orientation." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34(3): 353-365.psychology
orientation within time
social time
future orientation
time as horizon
Goals
Biological time
Relevance: 2
	Social-psychological research on time has pointed to the social construct of time rather than a mere physical entity that we reflect cognitively. Using two paradigms (day retrieval process and goal priming), the authors show that the time orientation is strongly prone to social influences and argue that a self-regulatory process underlies these findings. The degree of social comparison orientation in Study 1 and the degree of identification with groups for which the landmark is relevant (Study 2) both moderate the functionality of the landmarks within time orientation. Consistent with these findings, Studies 3 and 4 offer evidence that the activation of a personally relevant goal activates the day of goal attainment, a process that again can be moderated by social comparison orientation and identification. Overall, these results suggest a socially regulated time orientation. The internal clock (if any) is at least partly a 'social clock'. 

Jordan, G. (1995). "Flight from Modernity: Time, the other and the Discourse of Primitivism " Time & Society 4(3): 281-303.modernity
Coevalness
timelessness
inclusion/exclusion
art
Anthropology
Difference
Critical temporalities
Multiple temporalities
race
cultural variants of time
Cultural diversity
Development
Static time
continuity over time
change over time
Relevance: 2
	The escape from modernity and the turn to `the primitive', the twin pillars of primitivism, are dominant - although not always acknowledged - themes in modern Western art and anthropology. This article explores these themes through an examination of the construction of difference in critical-primitivist discourses. Particular attention is paid to, first, German Expressionism and, second, the primitivist critical theory of Stanley Diamond, radical American anthropologist and founding editor of Dialectical Anthropology. Primitivism can be emancipatory. However, whether articulated by radicals or reactionaries, it presupposes that some people belong to the modern (or postmodern) world while others belong to `prehistory' or `tradition'; that some people are fixed in time while others develop through time. Notions of temporality are a central component of Western discourses of racial and cultural difference: unfortunately, the temporal assumptions of the primitivist are often those of the racist.

Joseph, B. (2002). "Gendering Time in Globalization: The Belatedness of the Other Woman and Jamaica Kincaid's Lucy." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 21(1): 67-83.Globalisation
temporal distancing
Multiple temporalities
Coevalness
literary theory
literature
Relevance: 2
narrative
gender
contradictory present
temporal conflict
cultural diversity
time as all encompassing
feminist theory
timelessness
Democratic present
critical temporalities
Asynchrony
feminism
Uneven development
	This essay will explore the significance of the time lag in globalization and its relationship to cultural difference by way of two texts--one of journalism and the other of literature. I have already discussed the persistent structuring work of time in the otherwise triumphalist rhetoric of globalization and suggested that a time lag in the experience of global capital is a sign of its failure to truly universalize. I the subsequent discussion, first I will identify one response to globalization's failure-a nationalist-culturalist one accessed through an interview with a right-wing politician from India-in order to argue that feminism theorized in an international or global frame may need to rethink cultural pluralism as an adequate basis for such work. Then I will move onto Jamaica Kincaid's novel Lucy( 1990) in order  to flesh out an alternative narrativization of this time lag, one that may allow feminists to conceptualize  lternatives to the universalist categories that are becoming hegemonic (timeless) under globalization. These alternative categories, as we shall see, may effect agendas that will displace more establihsed notions of 'class struggle' and 'class consciousness' within globalisation.

Julkunen, R. (1977). "A Contribution to the Categories of Social Time and the Economy of Time." Acta Sociologica 20(1): 5-24.social time
economics
Sociology
Public and private time
Methodology
development
organisational temporalities
time as resource
time as context
time allocation
time management
Progress
changing perceptions of time
Marxism
Relevance: 2
	The article strives to demonstrate the centrality of the category of social time (a) in people's daily lives, (b) as a methodological tool in the study of social process, and (c) as a means towards the planned development and management of advanced societies. Social time has two aspects: rhythm of life and available total time. The article shows that in advanced societies total time and its rational allocation are central in the development of society and individual personality. The nature of social time in less developed societies
is also reviewed as well as the historical development of time awareness and the problems of the research on time budget. The article is based on the conceptions about the nature of the economy of time that emerged from reading Marx's Grundrisse

Jurczyk, K. (1998). "Time and women’s everyday lives: between self-determination and conflicting demands." Time & Society 7(2): 283-308.gender
women
Public and private time
temporal conflict
time scarcity
Families
labour time
Scheduling
temporal inequality
Multiple temporalities
time management
Care work
women's time
temporal complexity
Relevance: 2
	Carrying the `double burden' of juggling a family and a job with different schedules, how can women achieve a favourable life situtation in the face of such conflicting demands? Battles for time arise through the complexities and expectations of everyday life, which is why it is important to find a way of consciously and effectively managing one's time. Working from an empirical investigation into the `conduct of everyday life' of women and men in different systems of work time, the author highlights differences between the social construct `feminine time' as `time for others' and the empirical time experiences of women. She considers to what extent it is justifiable to speak of `women's' experiences of time when these differ greatly according to age, profession, class, family status and cultural background. In conclusion, some patterns of dealing with time are outlined and some `conditions for success' identified. 

Kalpagam, U. (1999). "Temporalities, History and Routines of Rule in Colonial India." Time & Society 8(1): 141-159.india
Colonialism
Routines
history
organisational temporalities
Coevalness
national time
time as all encompassing
changing perceptions of time
Progress
time as symbolic resource
time as tool for political legitimation
Foucault
time discipline
Bhabha
historical time
Relevance: 2
	British colonial rule in India, as elsewhere in the world, reconstituted categories of time and space through its administrative practices. This paper explores how a state temporality was introduced which in turn enabled a discourse of progress and history. Drawing upon the works of Foucault and recent postcolonial studies, it argues that the requirement of `normalized' colonial subjects as objects of colonial regulatory practices rendered history as a site of colonial mimicry.

Kalu, W. J. (2002). "African Families and Time-Use in Polychrone-Thinking Communities." American Journal of Pastoral Counseling 4: 43-55.Families
time use
Multiple temporalities
care work
Social work
health care
social coordination
temporal ordering
orientation within time
methodology
Assumptions about time obscuring x
time as symbolic resource
africa
temporal conflict
Relevance: 2
	This article expands the perceptual set of cross-cultural pastoral counselors and care-providers with reference to the fundamental dimension of time as a means of organizing human behavior. It does so by proposing two contrasting yet complimentary views of time: namely, polychrone-thinking patterns as differentiated from monochrone thought patterns. The differentiation of these two thought patterns and their behavioral implications can enhance the accuracy of the counselor's perception of the time-oriented reality of the client. Absent is the ability to differentiate these two experiences of time coded into the priorities of diverse cultures, the cross-cultural counselor will fail to understand the direction of relationships and the interpretations of events as they are actually occurring both within the counselling context and within the wider world of client participants.

Kaplan, D. (2009). "The Songs of the Siren: Engineering National Time on Israeli Radio." Cultural Anthropology 24(2): 313-345.nationalism
national time
Anthropology
Israel
Communication
Technology
time reckoning
Method: ethnography
music
media
radio
Scheduling
Commemorative events
public and private time
homogenising present
Synchronicity
Sacred time
Ritual
Relevance: 2
Bureaucracy
Middle East
war
Judaism
	This article explores how Israeli radio stations regulate national time in accordance with Jewish--Zionist temporal regimes. Informed by an ethnographic study of popular music programming on national and regional radio stations it is shown how broadcasting schedules operate as a uniform pendulum alternating between everyday life and times of commemoration or emergency. Following examples of music broadcasting during 'Memorial Day for Fallen Soldiers,' the first Gulf War and terror attacks during the second Palestinian Intifadah the author explores a practice of "mood shifting" that is borrowed from the bureaucratic logic of commemoration rituals to times of war and terror attacks. The mood shift activates a commemorative mode that echoes sacred mnemonic devices of Jewish remembrance. Consequently, it is argued that times of emergency in Israeli culture are represented through and subordinated to sacred experience, substituting a political interpretation of terrorism with a mythic framework.

Karsai, M., M. Kivelä, et al. (2011). "Small but slow world: How network topology and burstiness slow down spreading." Physical Review E 83(2): 025102.knowledge
knowledge production
Method: social network analysis
networks
communication
change over time
non-linear time
social change
Relevance: 2
Deceleration of time
	While communication networks show the small-world property of short paths, the spreading dynamics in them turns out slow. Here, the time evolution of information propagation is followed through communication networks by using empirical data on contact sequences and the susceptible-infected model. Introducing null models where event sequences are appropriately shuffled, we are able to distinguish between the contributions of different impeding effects. The slowing down of spreading is found to be caused mainly by weight-topology correlations and the bursty activity patterns of individuals.

Katovich, M. A. (1987). "Durkheim’s Macrofoundations of Time: An Assessment and Critique." The Sociological Quarterly 28(3): 367-385.durkheim
Sociology
social cohesion
time as symbolic resource
linear time
Sequence
organisational temporalities
methodology
critique of discipline
evolution
Repetition
Relevance: 2
Solidarity
	in this article, Durkheim's theory of time will be assessed in reference to his theory of transactions (organic solidarity). Specifically, Durkheim associated time with a metaphorical conception of the transaction that separated: (1) macrofoundations from microstates, and (2) external constraints from subjective states. This separation led to a conception of time as dominated by linear, rigid sequential, and categorical images. Counterposed to this metaphor are more dynamic, interpersonal, and cybernetic conceptions of temporality and transactions, which can be integrated with Durkheim's scheme to suggest another way of bridging the micro-macro distinction-through the use of time and temporality. This integration will be discussed in relation to five conceptions of time that will, in turn, be used to evaluate and critique Durkheim's macrofoundations. These conceptions are: (1) the evolutionary-transformational, (2) the categorical, (3) the iterative, (4) the rigid sequential, and (5) the negotiated sequential. The article concludes by suggesting that Durkheim's emphasis on the rigid sequential conception can inform and be informed by modern-day emphases on iterative and negotiated sequential conceptions.

Keightley, D. N. (2003). The Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200 - 1045 BC). Berkeley, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.China
Sinology
religion
spirituality
non-linear time
time and space
history
Spirituality
Archaeology
social time
Sociology
Relevance: 2
	This monograph presents insights of general historical and intellectual interest derived from the Shang Oracle Bone inscriptions from Anyang. These insights are integrated with an array of data from other fields of scholarship, including metereology, botany, zoology, astronomy, sociology, and archaeology. Keightley delivers well-reasoned opinions based on close scrutiny of the primary sources and then presents a stimulating synthesis of a wide variety of the evidence examined. The result is a lively and multifaceted picture of Shang realities.

Keller, S. (2007). "Story, Time, and Dependent Nationhood in the Uzbek History Curriculum." Slavic Review 66(2): 257-277.Asia
Soviet Union
Russia
education
organisational temporalities
nationalism
history
narrative
Continuity over time
identity
relevance: 2
Shared past
time as tool for political legitimation
historical time
national time
imagined pasts
children/youth
Islam
Marxism
	In the 1950s the Soviet school system stabilized and teachers incorporated non-Russian national histories into the elementary curriculum. Shoshana Keller argues that in Soviet Uzbekistan teachers defined Uzbek nationhood partly through historical narrative, which told children that the Uzbek people had existed continuously from ancient times but the nation achieved independence only under Russian/Soviet leadership. Children learned that for millennia Uzbek hero/martyrs had fought losing battles against foreign invaders. The best Uzbeks were from the lower classes, but the nation had also produced high culture. Above all, children were taught to imagine themselves, not within Eurasian Islamic historical time, but within European historical time as envisioned by Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Iosif Stalin. What children learned about Uzbek history in school was central to the formation of a personal sense of national identity and to the larger Soviet project of nation building.

Kern, S. (1983). The Culture of Time and Space, 1880-1918. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.technology
changing perceptions of time
Social Change
relevance: 2
history
psychology
Psychiatry
Phenomenology
Acceleration of time
national time
history of changing perceptions of time
Sociology
Anthropology
	Stephen Kern writes about the sweeping changes in technology and culture between 1880 and World War I that created new modes of understanding and experiencing time and space. To mark the book's 20th anniversary, Kern provides a new preface about the breakthrough in interpretive approach that has made this a seminal work in interdisciplinary studies. 

Kettler, D. and C. Loader (2004). "Temporizing with Time Wars: Karl Mannheim and Problems of Historical Time " Time & Society 13(2-3): 155-172.Karl Mannheim
historical time
temporal conflict
orientation within time
experiential time
Philosophy
Method: dynamic rather than static
Generations
Utopia
Multiple temporalities
coevalness
social coordination
mediation
Relevance: 2
Methodology
social time
mediation
Sociology
	Karl Mannheim’s orientations to time can be plotted between subjectivist and objectivist extremes. The latter corresponds to social engineering, while the former offers the context in which Mannheim uses Hobbes’s primaeval war to imagine the chaotic struggle over time that he hopes to escape. Mannheim’s distinctive achievement is ‘dynamic sociology’, an experimental approach marked by the recognition not only of historicity in social phenomena and concepts but also of the opportunities thereby provided for clarifying meaning on terms congruent with the experiences of contemporary humankind. Mannheim’s initial statement of ‘dynamic sociology’ is refined by his better-known studies of generations, ideologies, and utopias, which specify his awareness of co-existent multiple time worlds. Coordination is left to ad hoc mediation. This does not answer Mannheim’s deepest fears and wishes, but he has the discipline to settle for less.

King, V. (2010). "The Generational Rivalry for Time." Time & Society 19(1): 54-71.Generations
Acceleration of time
power
temporal inequality
life course
Families
temporal complexity
temporal boundaries
Relevance: 2
the gift
	This article examines the effects of acceleration on the dynamic of time and power in generational relationships. The cultural patterns of an accelerated, hyperflexible life conduct in late modernity, it is argued, encourage a form of generational relationship characterized chiefly by the generational rivalry for time. In place of a steadfast ‘gift of time’ to younger generations appear various forms of the ‘annexation of time’. Insofar, late modernity is distinguished by a generative paradox: while there is increased demand for the intensity of generational ties and the quality of generational relationships and while accelerated societies necessitate greater capacities for coping with more complex lives and the respective conditions of growing up, the preconditions for this in generational relationships have nevertheless become more precarious in a variety of ways.

Klein, O. (2004). "Social Perception of Time, Distance and High-Speed Transportation." Time & Society 13(2-3): 245-263.Transport technologies
social time
changing perceptions of time
market time
economics
labour time
multiple temporalities
Break in time
Acceleration of time
Relevance: 2
capitalism
industrialisation
permanence
	The aim of this article is to throw light on the link between high-speed means of transportation - especially the TGV - and the present-day temporal structures of society. The first part describes how the industrial time is born out of industrial capitalism and its conceptions of the work. This model changes but it is still very topical, regarding certain important aspects of contemporary socioeconomic structures. Nevertheless, this permanence can't explain the whole current evolutions. The second part shows how high-speed travel behaviours - considering only professional purposes - also reveal some mains breaks with the model of industrial time. The third part of the article looks into the model of fragmented time, which appears gradually surimposed to industrial time. Finally, the fourth part presents the concepts of high speed as an opportunity and high speed as a necessity. This dual reading of the ways in which we can deal with the distance in high speed means of transportation appears adapted to the double temporal structure which prevails today.

Klingemann, H. (2000). ""To every thing there is a season" - social time and clock time in addiction treatment." Social Science & Medicine 51(8): 1231-1240.health
market time
social time
Clock time
Sociology
time as missing element
Critique of discipline
experiential time
Method: time series analysis
organisational temporalities
individual time
time use
time as symbolic resource
health care
in/commensurability between times
Acceleration of time
Postmodernism
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
	Research on therapeutic interventions and the development or efficacy of treatment services consider 'time' only as a technical, 'objective' condition. Time series analysis and cohort studies describe changes in addiction careers over time, but fail to take into account the role of 'subjective' or 'social time', e.g. the functions of organisational and individual patterns of time use and time budgets. This paper reviews the notion of 'time' in addiction treatment systems. More specifically, the explicit or implicit role played by 'the time factor' in specific types of treatment such as '12-step programs', in-patient, out-patient care and individual treatment plans differs considerably and implies a re-definition and interpretation of 'Past','Present' and 'Future'. Temporal conceptions and time estimations of patients and therapists may influence the access to treatment and treatment outcomes. Societal values - lack of time in affluent societies - and a general acceleration in the fields of communication, consumption, work and leisure are mirrored in the treatment system. Recovery as a long-lasting learning process stands in sharp contrast to the 'quick fix'. The question is raised whether a post-modern concept of time is gaining importance as a counter movement, promoting a more individualised and differentiated treatment response and not any longer based on assumingly objective, technical criteria such as cost-efficiency. More research is needed on group-specific time concepts in treatment programs and the acceleration hypothesis in treatment systems. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Kravel-Tovi, M. and Y. Bilu (2008). "The work of the present: Constructing messianic temporality in the wake of failed prophecy among Chabad Hasidim." American Ethnologist 35(1): 64-80.Messianic time
Anthropology
Method: ethnography
time as missing element
intentional communities
Utopia
imagined futures
Psychology
Judaism
Communities in crisis
shared present
temporal boundaries
Relevance: 2
Religion
Revolution
	Temporal issues have remained relatively unelaborated in the rich body of research that applies cognitive dissonance theory to millenarian movements following a failed prophecy. We engage these issues by exploring how the meshichistim (messianists) among the Jewish ultraorthodox Chabad (Lubavitch) Hasidim employ temporal categories to deal with the crisis entailed in the death of their leader, the expected Messiah. In messianic Chabad, a double-edged “work of the present” has continued to evolve, simultaneously obfuscating and accentuating temporal delineations between past, present, and future. The ensuing dialectical reality puts into question the common notion that millenarian movements such as Chabad strive at all costs to restore the balance disrupted by failed prophecy. 

Kristeva, J. (1981). "Women's Time." Signs: A Journal of Women in Culture and Society 7(1): 13-35.social time
Reproductive time
gender
history
inclusion/exclusion
feminist theory
generations
Relevance: 2
labour time
Europe
feminism
children/youth
Kristeva
	not available - from the text:  I should like to draw attention to certain formations which seem to me to summarize the dynamics of a sociocultural organism of this type. The question is one of sociocultural groups, that is, groups defined according to their place in production, but especially according to their role in the mode of reproduction and its representations, which, while bearing the specific sociocultural traits of the formation in question, are diagonal to it and connect it to other sociocultural formations. I am thinking in particular of sociocultural groups which are usually defined as age groups (e.g., "young people in Europe"), as sexual divisions (e.g., "European women"), and so forth. While it is obvious that "young people" or "women" in Europe have their own particularity, it is nonetheless just as obvious that what defines them as "young people" or as "women" places them in a diagonal relationship to their European "origin" and links them to similar categories in North America or in China, among others. That is, insofar as they also belong to "monumental history," they will not be only European "young people" or "women" of Europe but will echo in a most specific way the universal traits of their structural place in reproduction and its representations. Consequently, the reader will find in the following pages, first, an attempt to situate the problematic of women in Europe within an inquiry on time: that time which the feminist movement both inherits and modifies. Second, I will attempt to distinguish two phases or two generations of women which, while immediately universalist and cosmopolitan in their demands, can nonetheless be differentiated by the fact that the first generation is more determined by the implications of a national problematic (in the sense suggested above), while the second, more determined by its place within the "symbolic denominator," is European and trans-European. Finally, I will try, both through the problems approached and through the type of analysis I propose, to present what I consider a viable stance for a European-or at least a European woman-within a domain which is henceforth worldwide in scope.

Lamm, H., R. W. Schmidt, et al. (1976). "Sex and social class as determinants of future orientation (time perspective) in adolescents." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34(3): 317-326.future orientation
time perspective
orientation within time
gender
class
children/youth
social psychology
psychology
Relevance: 2
	Tested hypotheses concerning the effects of sex and class on future orientation; Ss were 50 male and 50 female students, ages 14-16 yrs. Future orientation was measured in various domains of life, constituting either private or public areas of concern (e.g., family and environment) and on the dimensions of density (number of hopes and fears voiced by the S), extension, and optimism-pessimism. As predicted, middle-class adolescents, as compared with lower-class adolescents, voiced more hopes and fears relating to public life and fewer in the private sphere, and they manifested a more extended future orientation in the private as well as the public spheres. They also judged the distant future more optimistically in 2 out of 3 public areas of concern. Lower-class females were more optimistic than the middle-class females in the occupational domain. As predicted, the lower-class males voiced more hopes and fears in the occupational domain and manifested a more extended future orientation than the lower-class females. On the other hand, females of both classes voiced more hopes and fears in the private sphere than males of either class. Results are interpreted in terms of theories of socialization and role behavior. (46 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

Landes, D. S. (2000). Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.clocks
time discipline
history
technology
Relevance: 2
changing perceptions of time
history of changing perceptions of time
industrialisation
Meaning
philosophy
time reckoning
	More than a decade after the publication of his dazzling book on the cultural, technological, and manufacturing aspects of measuring time and making clocks, David Landes has significantly expanded Revolution in Time. In a new preface and scores of updated passages, he explores new findings about medieval and early-modern time keeping, as well as contemporary hi-tech uses of the watch as mini-computer, cellular phone, and even radio receiver or television screen. While commenting on the latest research, Landes never loses his focus on the historical meaning of time and its many perceptions and uses, questions that go beyond history, that involve philosophers and possibly, theologians and literary folk as well.

Landy, D. (2008). "Hegel's Account of Rule-Following." Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 51(2): 169-192.Hegel
Philosophy
Continental Philosophy
Identity
Relevance: 2
time discipline
ethics
shared present
Simultaneity
	I here discuss Hegel’s rule-following considerations as they are found in the first four chapters of his Phenomenology of Spirit. I begin by outlining a number of key premises in Hegel’s argument that he adopts fairly straightforwardly from Kant’s Transcendental Deduction. The most important of these is that the correctness or incorrectness of one’s application of a rule must be recognizable as such to the rulefollower. Supplementing Hegel’s text as needed, I then argue that it is possible for an experiencing subject to follow a rule only where there is a community of individuals whose agreement can provide a standard for the correctness and incorrectness of his use. I further argue that a community must consist of members that are compresent, and thus that a collection of time-slices of an individual will not serve this purpose. I conclude by raising a potential problem for Hegel’s account of rule-following concerning the correctness and incorrectness of the judgments of a community, and pointing to a possible line of response to this problem.

Larsen, S. C. (2006). "The Future's Past: Politics of Time and Territory among Dakelh First Nations in British Columbia." Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography 88(3): 311-321.Human Geography
geography
politics
Canada
Critical temporalities
Coevalness
temporal distancing
Agency
Memory
past in the present
time and space
Relevance: 2
non-linear time
politics of time
Territory
politics
Activism
western imperialism
industrialisation
indigenous peoples
indigenous Canadians
narrative
Method: life histories
media
past in the future
imagined futures
counter modernity
inclusion/exclusion
Anthropology
	This article examines contemporary political movements among Dakelh First Nations in British Columbia that have challenged Western modernity's fixation with a future achieved through industrial progress. Aboriginal people have been especially assertive in politicizing the connections between time and place through the display and performance of memory in forms as diverse as life history narratives, the cultural landscape, media and grass-roots development projects. Such constructions suggest that future developments in traditional lands must come through an engagement with the past - its meanings, practices, and significance in the particular places of cultural and economic production. I explore how Dakelh territories serve as sites for imagining and enacting alternative political and development agendas. I argue that these territories have increasingly become spaces forged in the margins of modernity's binary oppositions of self-other, nature-culture and future-past. This finding is not meant to marginalize indigenous territories conceptually or politically, but rather to recognize their centrality to contemporary provincial politics where margins - both geographic and discursive - have become central locations for pursuing sovereignty over land and nation.

Lash, S. and J. Urry (1994). Economies of signs and space. London, SAGE.economics
Sociology
social Change
U.K.
USA
Germany
Japan
Capitalism
Acceleration of time
Memory
Giddens
time geography
Multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
time and space
Method: comparative analysis
Tourism
	This is a novel account of social change that supplants conventional understandings of `society' and presents a sociology that takes as its main unit of analysis flows through time and across space. Developing a comparative analysis of the UK and US, the new Germany and Japan, Lash and Urry show how restructuration after organized capitalism has its basis in increasingly reflexive social actors and organizations. The consequence is not only the much-vaunted `postmodern condition' but also a growth in reflexivity. In exploring this new reflexive world, the authors argue that today's economies are increasingly ones of signs - information, symbols, images, desire - and of space, where both signs and social subjects - refugees, financiers, tourists and fl[ci]aneurs - are mobile over ever greater distances at ever greater speeds.

See particularly Chapter 9 Time and Memory 

Lauer, R. H. (1973). "Temporality and Social Change: The Case of 19th Century China and Japan." The Sociological Quarterly 14(4): 451-464.social change
social time
Japan
China
Multiple temporalities
history
sociology
change over time
time as symbolic
time discipline
time as tool for political legitimation
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
time as symbolic resource
Western imperialism
time as tool for managing percieved threats
	Manifold factors have been identified as causal mechanisms in social change, but an important one-temporality-has been neglected. Temporality is the social time that characterizes any society, and that social time is consequential for the rate and direction of change. The three dimensions of temporality are temporal pattern, temporal orientation, and temporal perspective. The differences between the Japanese and Chinese along these three dimensions help explain their differential responses to the 19th century Western challenge. Specifically, two propositions are examined in the light of the historical data: a society's temporality limits the range of adaptive responses to new circumstances, and the symbols of social time act as a mechanism of social control.

Lauer, R. H. (1981). Temporal Man: The Meaning and Uses of Social Time. New York, Praeger.social time
sociology
Relevance: 2
	not available - from book review: Robert Lauer's Temporal Man is an attempt to introduce readers to the complex rela-tions between man and time. The book covers many aspects of these relations and suggests the tremendous richness of the topic. The author appears to have done much reading on the subject of temporality and throughout the book provides a useful review of a considerable body of literature. 

Laurier, E. (2008). "How Breakfast Happens in the Café." Time & Society 17(1): 119-134.food
method: ethnography
Anthropology
time and space
Rhythms
Urban communities
cities
changing perceptions of time
events
sequence
temporal ordering
relevance: 2
Garfinkel
	In this article I present an ethnographic study of `breakfast in the café', to begin to document the orderly properties of an emergent timespace. In so doing, the aim is to provide a description of the local production of timespace and a consideration of a change to the daily rhythm of city life. Harold Garfinkel and David Sudnow's study of a chemistry lecture is drawn upon as an exemplary study of the collective creation of an event. Attention is drawn to the centrality of sequentiality as part of the orderly properties of occasioned places. As part of examining the sequences I chart the ongoing emergence of features of breakfast time in the café such as `the first customer', `crowded' and `quiet'. In closing the article, I consider how changes in the rhythm of the city are made apprehensible to its residents.

Laux, H. (2011). "The time of politics: Pathological effects of social differentiation." Time & Society 20(2): 224-240.political time
Difference
inclusion/exclusion
Sociology
social time
politics
finance
economics
communities in crisis
media
Acceleration of time
Asynchrony
temporal conflict
coordinating between different times
Relevance: 2
	On the basis of a temporal-sociological perspective, the article observes the progressive erosion of political standards of rationality. Drawing on empirical evidence from the recent world financial crisis, the paper seeks to demonstrate that western democracies are increasingly helpless when facing the challenges of rising social, political and technological complexity. By consequence, politics loses its capacity to steer social developments, instead, it is confined to reacting to events and decisions made by faster social subsystems (such as science, economy, the media). One last resort seems to be the acceleration of democratic decision-making itself. However, this strategy only leads to an experimental, decisionist and post-democratic form of politics.

Le Goff, J. (1980). Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.History
sociology
Anthropology
Collective memory
labour time
temporality of academic work
Relevance: 2
history of changing perceptions of time
folklore
economics
Middle Ages
time as symbolic resource
coordinating between different times
Multiple temporalities
organisational temporalities
Sacred time
Levi-Strauss
	Studies a wide range of topics concerning Medieval society, including the universities, folklore, and economy of the Middle Ages. Jacques Le Goff is a prominent figure in the tradition of French medieval scholarship, profoundly influenced by the Annales school, notably, Bloch, Febvre, and Braudel, and by the ethnographers and anthropologists Mauss, Dumézil, and Lévi-Strauss. In building his argument for "another Middle Ages" (un autre moyen âge), Le Goff documents the emergence of the collective mentalité from many sources with scholarship both imaginative and exact. 
Contents: Preface, I. Time and Labor: The Several Middle Ages of Jules Michelet, Merchant's Time and Church's Time in the Middle Ages, Labor Time in the "Crisis" of the Fourteenth Century: From Medieval Time to Modern Time, A Note on Tripartite Society, Monarchical Ideology, and Economic Renewal in Ninth- to Twelfth-Century Christendom
Licit and Illicit Trades in the Medieval West, Labor, Techniques, and Craftsmen in the Value Systems of the Early Middle Ages (Fifth to Tenth Centuries),Peasants and the Rural World in the Literature of the Early Middle Ages (Fifth and Sixth Centuries)
II. Labor and Value Systems: Academic Expenses at Padua in the Fifteenth Century, Trades and Professions as Represented in Medieval Confessors' Manuals, How Did the Medieval University Conceive of Itself, The Universities and the Public Authorities in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
III. High Culture and Popular Culture: Clerical Culture and Folklore Traditions in Merovingian Civilization, Ecclesiastical Culture and Folklore in the Middle Ages: Saint Marcellus of Paris and the Dragon, The Medieval West and the Indian Ocean: An Oneiric Horizon, Dreams in the Culture and Collective Psychology of the Medieval West, Melusina: Mother and Pioneer
IV. Toward a Historical Anthropology: The Historian and the Ordinary Man, The Symbolic Ritual of Vassalage

Leccardi, C. (1996). "Rethinking Social Time: Feminist Perspectives." Time & Society 5(2): 169-186.Feminism
women's time
social time
labour time
public and private time
care work
identity
economics
market time
linear time
critical temporalities
methodology
feminist theory
Relevance: 2
	In the final years of the 20th century, conceptions of time and work are changing rapidly. The crisis of (paid) work as the fundamental principle regulating society and personal identity has cast doubt on the legitimacy of an exclusively economic and quantitative interpretation of time. This paper argues that feminist thought can make a major contribution to the revision of the temporal paradigm that has hitherto been dominant. It will be shown that the radical change of perspective associated with a feminist critique of this malestream time makes it possible to deconstruct/reconstruct the categories generally used for the analysis of social time.

Lee, R. L. M. (2010). "Weber, Re-enchantment and Social Futures." Time & Society 19(2): 180-192.future
labour time
Meaning
modernity
Utopia
futurity
Relevance: 2
imagined futures
	Weber’s portrayal of modern society as disenchanted was implicitly a way of considering the rationalization of social futures. These are futures derived from empiricist understandings of world mastery and regarded as devoid of mystery. Yet he devoted some writings to charisma and magic that were incongruent with his focus on rationality, suggesting alternative social futures that highlight mysteries for the recovery of meaning. By examining these writings in the context of his critique of modernity, it is possible to draw out some of his ideas on re-enchantment as the key to understanding alternative social futures.

Lee, T. and D. Piachaud (1992). "The Time-Consequences of Social Services." Time & Society 1(1): 65-80.health care
education
community health
Gender
temporal inequality
time as resource
time allocation
time use
relevance: 2
	This paper analyses issues of time in relation to social services. A classification of time-consequences is presented. The fields of education, health, community care, and social security provision are then reviewed to identify the time-consequences which arise for service users and others. Finally, the implications of the analysis - relating to efficiency, consistency, equity, and gender - are discussed.

Lervik, J. E., K. M. Fahy, et al. (2010). "Temporal dynamics of situated learning in organizations." Management Learning 41(3): 285-301.education
organisational temporalities
method: case study
multiple temporalities
Knowledge
Relevance: 2
management
time as resource
time as context
coordinating between different times
time as missing element
	Situated learning theory posits that learning in organizations arises in the contexts and conditions of practical engagement, and time is an important dimension of activity and context of learning. However, time has primarily been conceptualized as an internal property of communities, buffered from social and organizational temporalities that shape rhythms of working and learning. This article examines how external temporalities affect situated learning through case studies of technical after-sales services. A situated learning perspective posits how new understandings are constructed from a broad assemblage of resources and relations. These resources and relationships are to a large extent governed by external temporalities that influence opportunities for learning through everyday work. We highlight temporal structures as an important mechanism guiding or obstructing the development of new understandings, and we conclude that a temporal perspective on situated learning holds important implications for practice and further research.

Levine, R. and E. Wolff (1985). "Social time: the heartbeat of culture." Psychology Today(March): 29-35.social time
Psychology
temporal conflict
Brazil
USA
Method: comparative analysis
Perception of time
Punctuality
pace
Acceleration of time
Relevance: 2
cultural variants of time
	Every society throughout the world uses informal concepts of time that frequently clash from culture to culture. In a study that compared the time sense of college students in Niteroi, Brazil, with that of students at California State University in Fresno, for example, researchers found major differences in concepts like "early" and "late." In many Mediterranean Arab countries, there are only three kinds of time: no time at all, now, and forever. This time sense is in marked contrast to the time sense of Americans, who mete time precisely in minutes. Ongoing research points to the relationship between the pace of life and a feeling of well-being. The chronic sense of urgency experienced by Type A personalities, who are more vulnerable to heart attacks, is already well-documented. As the world becomes an international society, researchers wonder who will "set the pace.".

Levine, R. V. (1988). The Pace of Life across Cultures. The Social Psychology of Time: New Perspectives. J. E. McGrath. Beverly Hills, Sage: 39-60.psychology
Rhythms
experiential time
Standardisation
Multiple temporalities
Time use
Relevance: 2
social psychology
pace
cultural variants of time
Method: comparative analysis
	not available

Levy, J. S. and P. Streich (2007). "Time Horizons, Discounting, and Intertemporal Choice." Journal of Conflict Resolution 51(2): 199-226.time as horizon
Temporal conflict
Political science
action
agency
the future
economics
Social coordination
Relevance: 2
future orientation
psychology
Short-term perspectives
time perspective
	Although many decisions involve a stream of payoffs over time, political scientists have given little attention to how actors make the required tradeoffs between present and future payoffs, other than applying the standard exponential discounting model from economics. After summarizing the basic discounting model, we identify some of its leading behavioral anomalies—declining discount rates; preference reversals; higher discount rates for smaller payoffs than for larger payoffs and for gains than for losses; framing effects based on expectations; and a preference for ascending rather than descending sequences. We examine the leading alternative models of discounting and then apply a quasi-hyperbolic discount model to the problem of cooperation in iterated Prisoner's Dilemma games. We demonstrate that if actors display the widely observed tendency to highly discount the immediate future, then cooperation in an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game is more difficult than Axelrod suggests. Key Words: discounted utility • exponential discounting • hyperbolic discounting • quasi-hyperbolic discounting • intertemporal choice • iterated Prisoner's Dilemma

Lewis, J. D. and A. J. Weigert (1981). "The Structures and Meanings of Social Time." Social Forces 60(2): 432-462.social time
time as symbolic resource
sociology
Multiple temporalities
Synchronicity
methodology
Relevance: 2
Meaning
Methodology
social structure
organisational temporalities
	This paper proposes a paradigm for the sociology of time. After exploring some defining characteristics of social time, it presents a preliminary typology of social times corresponding to different levels of social structure. The linkages among levels of social structure and the temporal variables of embeddedness, synchronicity, and stratification raise important questions about the ways in which the forms of social time may be related. From the typology concrete propositions are extracted which address these questions as well as the question of how these relationships may affect organizations and individuals. Finally, the paper suggests possible ways to ground parts of the theoretical presentation in operationalized hypotheses ready for empirical testing.

Liakos, A. (2001). "The Construction of National Time: The Making of the Modern Greek Historical Imagination." Mediterranean Historical Review 16(1): 27-42.nationalism
Greece
history
narrative
national time
experiential time
action
identity
Multiple heritages
Shared past
changing perceptions of time
conceptions of time
Agency
Relevance: 2
	The national narrative restructures the experience of time, presenting the nation as an active historical agent that, through the narrative, acquires a new historical identity. The Mediterranean nations have undertaken the difficult task of combining different significant pasts. The appropriation and resignification of these pasts involve adjustment of different perceptions of the structure of time. This article explores the making of modern Greek national history through this process.

Lloyd, G. (2000). "No One's Land: Australia and the Philosophical Imagination." Hypatia 15(2): 26-39 Feminist Theory
Australia
History
shared past
time as tool for political legitimation
time and space
Philosophy
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
organisational temporalities
Absence of future
time as tool for managing percieved threats
critical temporalities
	Drawing on the work of Michèle Le Dœuff, this paper uses the idea of “philosophical imagination” to make visible the historical intersection between philosophical ideas, social practice, and institutional structures. It explores the role of ideas of “terra nullius” and of the “doomed race” in the formation of some crucial ways in which non-indigenous Australians have imagined their relations with indigenous peoples. The author shows how feminist reading strategies that attend to the imaginary open up ways of rethinking processes of inclusion and exclusion.

Lofty, J. (1995). "Timescapes for Literacy: Time in Academic Communities." College Literature 22(2): 16-41.education
communities of practice
multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
time use
organisational temporalities
scheduling
coordinating between different times
temporality of academic work
cultural diversity
time scarcity
time allocation
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
temporal inequality
timescape
	no abstract - from the text:  To show that time, like language, comes in different forms or varieties, I want to use Joos's symbol to explore the different conceptions of time that we find in higher education. Although the Central Standard Time of academic life will be a familiar measure to many students, it will be a new metron for some and one actively resisted by others. Students and teachers often do not keep the same time. Much less understood by teachers than language variation is the way in which students entering English classes have learned time codes different from those that shape our own expectations about how academic work is produced. Differences between our time values and those of students might be expressed by students giving lower priorities to paper deadlines than to social commitments, by their not recognizing the need to complete readings before class discussion, or by their failing to read the signals marking the end of a conference. Our student body is becoming more diverse as increasing numbers, for example, come from multicultural backgrounds, enter college as first-generation students, and reenter schooling as mature students whose time available for academic studies is likely to compete with time for work and family. The time demands on the lives of the latter group will be very different from those made on more traditional students whose lives can revolve around study. Consequently, the diversity of our student populations confronts us with differences in academic preparation and varying attitudes toward allocating appropriate time for study.

Lowenthal, D. (2006). The past is a foreign country. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.shared past
inheritance
identity
Social Change
relevance: 2
Psychoanalysis
past in the present
the past
Heritage
forgetting
science fiction
nostalgia
nationalism
	In this remarkably wide-ranging book Professor Lowenthal analyses the ever-changing role of the past in shaping our lives. A heritage at once nurturing and burdensome, the past allows us to make sense of the present whilst imposing powerful constraints upon the way that present develops. Some aspects of the past are celebrated, others expunged, as each generation reshapes its legacy in line with current needs. Drawing on all the arts, the humanities and the social sciences, the author uses sources as diverse as science fiction and psychoanalysis to examine how rebellion against inherited tradition has given rise to the modern cult of preservation and pervasive nostalgia. Profusely illustrated, The Past is a Foreign Country shows that although the past has ceased to be a sanction for inherited power or privilege, as a focus of personal and national identity and as a bulwark against massive and distressing change it remains as potent a force as ever in human affairs.

LSE Anthropology - Conflicts in Time Research Network (2011). "Conflicts In Time: Rethinking 'Contemporary' Globalisation - Seminar Series May 2008 - March 2011." Retrieved 28th August 2011, 2011, from http://www2.lse.ac.uk/anthropology/research/conflicts_in_time/conflictsInTime.aspx.Sociology
Anthropology
Geography
Museums
Activism
Art
Politics
globalisation
planning
Shared present
international Relations
time as context
time as all encompassing
coordinating between different times
critical temporalities
conceptions of time
Trajectories
Rhythms
organisational temporalities
temporal complexity
Multiple temporalities
labour time
timescape
Unpredictibility
Planning
heritage
mediation
Method: comparative analysis
politics of time
Bureaucracy
Relevance: 2
	This seminar series brings together sociologists, anthropologists, social geographers, museum specialists, activists and artists in a rethinking of the importance of struggles over time to processes of globalisation. We aim to question the frequent assumption in theories of globalisation that we live within a shared present in which time is experienced in one way and is an abstract container for social action. So far this has obscured the diverse experiences of and social struggles over pasts and futures that make up the present and shape the future of globalisation. Building on an existing cross-institutional discussion group of anthropologists who have worked on issues of temporality and linking together academics in a range of institutions in the UK and Europe, the research seminar series will address several core themes. First, we will uncover the reality of specific current struggles over senses and trajectories of time. Secondly, we will examine the various ways in which social rhythms are now being managed and institutionalised. Thirdly, we will address the complexity of the experiences of the present that vary according to social location, temporal practices and work-place rhythms. Addressing these themes will allow us to track the actually existing shape of the timescapes of globalisation and the unpredictable outcomes of their interactions.

We have identified four key sites for exploring the conflicts in time characteristic of current practices of globalisation each of which will be addressed in turn by the workshop series. These are heritage organizations, planning institutions, social movements and global workplaces. All of these institutions attempt to mediate between economic, political, popular and intimate practices of time. Also they seek to arbitrate and shape the boundary between private and public uses and experiences of time. This focus on institutional sites will allow us to meet our aim of moving beyond the anthropological claim that there are diverse senses of time into an exploration of the political and ethical negotiations between these. In addition we will be able to fulfil our goal of developing the growing argument within social geography that there is no single experience of neo-liberal or globalised time. The focus in the workshop series on comparative studies of these institutions from a range of global contexts will enable us to succeed in bringing the theories and empirical findings of sociologists, anthropologists and social geographers into dialogue with each other in a controlled exercise of interdisciplinary work. From this empirical ground we will formulate a new theoretical model in the final fifth seminar that will examine how several senses of time are lived by one subject and how various temporal practices alter each other at key social sites. At this seminar we will also analyse global trends in the management and politics of time by tracing the borrowing of time-practices between and among these institutions. Overall the research seminar series will aim to create new insights by addressing domains that are not usually theorised together—the culture industries, bureaucracy, activism and labour. In addition it will innovatively aim to bring within one analytical frame time-practices that are oriented towards the past, present and future.

Luciano, D. (2007). Arranging grief: sacred time and the body in nineteenth-century America. New York, New York University Press.Death & dying
Religion
USA
embodiment
memory
Affect
nationalism
history
sacred time
Foucault
Psychoanalysis
literary theory
Method: textual analysis
Progress
Relevance: 2
Mourning
changing perceptions of time
time as symbolic resource
chronology
national time
literature
	Charting the proliferation of forms of mourning and memorial across a century increasingly concerned with their historical and temporal significance, Arranging Grief offers an innovative new view of the aesthetic, social, and political implications of emotion. Dana Luciano argues that the cultural plotting of grief provides a distinctive insight into the nineteenth-century American temporal imaginary, since grief both underwrote the social arrangements that supported the nation's standard chronologies and sponsored other ways of advancing history. Nineteenth-century appeals to grief, as Luciano demonstrates, diffused modes of "sacred time" across both religious and ostensibly secular frameworks, at once authorizing and unsettling established schemes of connection to the past and the future. Examining mourning manuals, sermons, memorial tracts, poetry, and fiction by Harriet Beecher Stowe, William Apess, James Fenimore Cooper, Catharine Maria Sedgwick, Susan Warner, Harriet E. Wilson, Herman Melville, Frances E. W. Harper, Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, Elizabeth Keckley, and Ralph Waldo Emerson, Luciano illustrates the ways that grief coupled the affective body to time. Drawing on formalist, Foucauldian, and psychoanalytic criticism, Arranging Grief shows how literary engagements with grief put forth ways of challenging deep-seated cultural assumptions about history, progress, bodies, and behaviors.

Macdonald, S. (1997). Reimagining Culture: Histories, Identities and the Gaelic Renaissance. Oxford, Berg.History
identity
invention of tradition
Scotland
U.K.
Europe
ethnicity
nationalism
Relevance: 2
Tradition
belonging
community development
policy
	Since the 1960s, policies to 'revive' minority cultures and languages have flourished. But what does it mean to have a 'cultural identity'? And are minorities as deeply attached to their languages and traditions as revival policies suppose? This book is a sophisticated analysis of responses to the 'Gaelic renaissance' in a Scottish Hebridean community. Its description of everyday conceptions of belonging and interpretations of cultural policy takes us into the world of Gaelic playgroups, crofting, local history, religion and community development. Historically and theoretically informed, this book challenges many of the ways in which we conventionally think about ethnic and national identity. This accessible and engaging account of life in this remote region of Europe provides an original and timely contribution to questions of considerable currency in a broad range of social science disciplines.

Macduff, I. (2006). "Your Pace or Mine? Culture, Time, and Negotiation." Negotiation Journal 22(1): 31-45.pace
coordinating between different times
negotiation
temporal conflict
cultural variants of time
punctuality
time reckoning
time as symbolic resource
perception of time
values
Rhetoric
time management
Relevance: 2
	This article explores the impact that different perceptions of time may have on cross-cultural negotiations. Beyond obvious issues of punctuality and timekeeping, differences may occur in the value placed on the uses of time and the priorities given to past, present, or future orientations. The role of time in negotiations involves two key dimensions: differing perceptions and values of time, and the management of time. Both dimensions, the author suggests, need to be on the negotiation table.

Maclean, C. (2003). 'Making it Their Home': In-migration, Time, Social Change and Belonging in a Rural Community. Social Relations and the Life Course: Age Generation and Social Change G. Allan and G. Jones. Basingstoke, Hants, UK, Palgrave Macmillan: 155 - 171.Migration
home
Social Change
Belonging
Rural communities
life course
Generations
Families
Sociology
Relevance: 2
	This collection of essays represents some of the most important recent research into changing patterns of family, household, and community life. It brings together some of the leading sociologists in the field to explore how these informal social relationships change over time and the life course.

Macmillan, R. (2011). "Seeing things differently? The promise of qualitative longitudinal research on the third sector." Third Sector Research Centre Working Paper 56.Third sector
Method: longitudinal analysis
methodology
Method: dynamic rather than static
social change
Method: qualitative
Multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
action
Relevance: 2
Multiple temporalities
	There has been a rapidly growing interest in longitudinal research methods and dynamic analysis in recent decades. A longitudinal research gaze offers the promise of seeing things differently, and of understanding the dynamic processes involved in social change, of what happens next and why. This paper explores the potential of qualitative longitudinal research for developing understanding of the dynamics of the third sector. The Third Sector Research Centre has embarked upon a qualitative longitudinal study of third sector activities called ‘Real Times’. The paper sets out the thinking behind the study. As well as providing a basic description of the rationale, design and structure of ‘Real Times’, the paper discusses the methodological interest in qualitative longitudinal research in the third sector, the substantive contextual issues the third sector is experiencing as the study takes place, and some of the theoretical thinking involved in the study. In particular it discusses three theoretical ‘imaginings’ which inform the research: the different temporalities involved in the third sector; a ‘relational’ account of the third sector as a contested field; and lastly the idea of strategic action in context.

Macphee, M. (2004). "The Weight of the past in the Experience of Health: Time, Embodiment, and Cultural Change in Morocco." Ethos 32(3): 374-396.task oriented time
Work time
Anthropology
health care
embodiment
Africa
food
ethics
collective memory
Bourdieu
Relevance: 2
technology
time use
care work
Social Change
phenomenology
time as symbolic resource
Islam
	Over the past thirty years, the introduction of new technologies into household life in southeastern, Saharan Morocco has decreased both the labor and time needed for the daily tasks of cooking and cleaning. Despite these benefits, Saharan housewives view the changes in diet and food preparation as the cause of an increase in fatigue and poor digestion. They construct this etiology by means of historical metaphors, which locate health in the aesthetic and moral virtues of life in the past. This article examines this example of collective memory from the perspective of cultural phenomenology, focusing on the relationship between habitus and culture change. P. Bourdieu argues that habitus has a "hysteresis effect, " (1977:78, 1990:59) in which the disproportional weight of early experience in the generation of embodied dispositions creates a temporal lag in the logic of practice. In the Moroccan case, the persistence of embodied structures of the body in time from the premodern past fuels a moral discourse that links unrefined food, manual labor, and Islamic practice to meanings of health.

Mains, D. (2007). "Neoliberal Times: Progress, Boredom, and Shame among Young Men in Urban Ethiopia." American Ethnologist 34(4): 659-673.Africa
Anthropology
labour time
Boredom
Capitalism
Economics
life course
progress
Migration
time use
status
Relevance: 2
inclusion/exclusion
neoliberalism
urban communities
normativity
experiential time
Absence of future
Affect
shame
	In this article, I examine discourses and practices surrounding employment, the experience of time, and international migration among young men in urban Ethiopia to demonstrate the value and limits of understanding cultural and economic processes in terms of neoliberal capitalism. Young men's inability to experience progress and take on the normative responsibilities of adults is conditioned by economic policies associated with structural adjustment and local values surrounding occupational status. Young men construct international migration as a solution to their temporal problems. I argue that local values surrounding status and shame highlight the importance of social relationships for conceptualizing time and space.

Makdisi, S. (1995). "Colonial Space and the Colonization of Time in Scott's "Waverley"." Studies in Romanticism 34(2): 155-187.Colonialism
Scotland
U.K.
Europe
literature
literary theory
time and space
Assumptions about time obscuring x
History
Time as tool for political legitimation
Relevance: 2
inclusion/exclusion
imagined pasts
	not available - from intro:[Scott's novel Waverly] offered, virtuaUy for the first time, an altogether new series of images and representations of the Scottish Highlands. Beginning with Waverley, in other words, Sir Walter Scott's image of the Highlands has in cultural terms virtually taken over from and supplanted "the real thing," by which I mean something stronger than that Scott's representation has precluded other views of the Highlands. For this raises the question, not simply of what that "real thing" was or is, but rather of how today's Highlands were brought into being as a reality?or as a set of at once material and symbolic realities?at a certain specifiable moment in the violent cultural history of the United Kingdom. The question that lies at the heart of my interest in Waverley is this: how is space, as a fluid and simultaneously material and political process, pro duced or re-produced during the process of colonial conquest? Or, to what extent can the violent and productive process of colonialism be understood as spatial?as a process not merely involving the coding and recoding of conquered territories and peoples, but the virtual reinvention of the colonized territory as a space that can be put to use in various ways? Moreover, if we do want to understand colonialism as a spatial operation, can we see the resistance to colonial rule in spatial terms, as an anti hegemonic attempt to either limit or to contest the hegemonic territori alizations undertaken in colonialism? The answers to these questions may depend on the extent of the spatial project undertaken in any given historical instance of colonization. But?even given that this may be a matter of degree or extent?what is for me the most urgent question here is this: what happens to a people, a history, a culture, that falls victim to a colonial project whose objective is not only to exploit its victims, but to dispossess them and claim all of their land in order to re-encode it, re-name it, to literally re-write it and re-invent it? What happens to the history of such a dispossessed people? And what, finally, are the relationships between the material processes of such spatial reinventions and broader cultural ones? To what extent does symbolic production play a role in the endless creation of space? With these questions in mind, what I want to argue in the present essay is that Scott's Waverley contributed not only to the invention of a new Highland reality, but also to the construction and colonization of a Highland past to go with it.

Malinowski, B. (1927). "Lunar and Seasonal Calendar in the Trobriands." Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 57(Jan. - Jun.): 203-215.Anthropology
social time
labour time
Relevance: 2
Seasonal time
cultural variants of time
time reckoning
calendars
Social coordination
coordinating between different times
Sacred time
Malinowski
	Not available - from introduction: A SYSTEM of reckoning time is a practical, as well as a sentimental, necessity in every culture, however simple. Members of every human group have the need of co-ordinating various activities, of fixing dates for the future, of placing reminiscences in the past, of gauging the length of bygone periods and of those to come. The practical need of time-reckoning arises out of any somewhat complicated work which has to be distributed over a prolonged period of time, and in which a nuLmber of people have to co-operate. When the soil is to be tilled or a long fishing or hunting expedition undertaken, dates have to be fixed by reference to some recurrent natural phenomena which can be foreseen and defined. When a magical or religious festival is to be held, there must, as a rule, be preparations, material as well as spiritual, and it is necessary to place them within the scheme of other activities. Again, when people from various localities, at times not easy of access, have to be summoned and later on to foregather, there must be some way by which a future date can be defined for some time ahead.

Mansfield, N. (2008). "‘There is a Spectre Haunting . . .’: Ghosts, Their Bodies, Some Philosophers, a Novel and the Cultural Politics of Climate Change." borderlands: e-journal 7(1): n.p.Derrida; Climate change; environment; identity; communities in crisis; politics; political time; untimely; history; Multiple temporalities; inclusion/exclusion; Past in the present; Unpredictibility; futurity; literary theory; literature; Continental Philosophy; Philosophy; non-homogeneous community; Relevance: 2; Historical time; critical temporalities
	How will our current conceptions of cultural politics adapt to the challenges of climate change? Will current influential accounts of social identity based on otherness need to be replaced by  new models of social interaction? Will current re-conceptions of historical time be radical enough to cope with the political challenges climate change is already proposing? The deconstruction of conventional historical time argues for a radical pluralisation of history as a response to the marginalisation of others. According to this account, the other exceeds the dialectical production of self-identity of Hegelian historicism. But has this deconstruction of history resulted in a new historicism that is plural and discontinuous, but still fundamentally transparent? This paper argues that climate change will require a re-thinking of historical time that is neither dialectic and continuous, nor deconstructive and radically plural. Derrida’s rethinking of historical time in terms of ‘hauntology,’ provides an alternative way of considering historical time in terms of the unpredictability of future events. The ghost, Derrida argues, is a remnant from the past, unresolved and unassimilable, coming to us from the future. I use this trope to describe firstly, the material consequences of past ecological exploitation, as well as the inevitable de-stabilisation of global politics caused by the unequal impact that these consequences will have on different societies and groups. Using Tom Cohen’s distinction between the cultural politics of ‘the otherness of the other’ and the ‘Absolute Other,’ and through a reading of Christos Tsiolkas’s novel Dead Europe, I argue that the Absolute Other of climate change will lead to a new material politics in which otherness in general will be reconfigured.

Martin-Jones, D. (2006). Deleuze, cinema and national identity: narrative time in national contexts. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.Deleuze
cinema
nationalism
narrative
national time
philosophy
media
events
method: comparative analysis
cultural diversity
cultural variants of time
Relevance: 2
Hong Kong
Asia
Japan
U.K.
Germany
South Korea
Italy
Poland
Europe
	Deleuze, Cinema and National Identity challenges the traditional use of Deleuze's philosophy to examine European art cinema. It explores how Deleuze can be used to analyse national identity across a range of different cinemas. Focusing on narrative time it combines a Deleuzean approach with a vast range of non-traditional material. The films discussed are contemporary and popular (either financial or cult successes), and include Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Terminator 3, Memento, Saving Private Ryan, Run Lola Run, Sliding Doors, Chaosand Peppermint Candy. Each film is examined in light of a major historical event - including 9/11, German reunification, and the Asian economic crisis - and the impact it has had on individual nations. This cross-cultural approach illustrates how Deleuze's work can enhance our understanding of the construction of national identity. It also enables a critique of Deleuze's conclusions by examining his work in a variety of national contexts. The book significantly broadens the field of work on Deleuze and cinema. It places equal emphasis on understanding mainstream North American genre films, American independent and European art films. It also examines Asian thrillers, gangster and art films in the light of Deleuze's work on time. With Asian films increasingly crossing over into western markets, this is a timely addition to the expanding body of work on Deleuze and film. Key Features * The first sustained analysis of Deleuze and national identity, bringing together film theory and film history. * Examines how narrative time is used to construct national identity across a range of different cinemas, including Britain, Germany, North America, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Italy and Poland. * Uses Deleuze in conjunction with a number of different types of recent film, from Hollywood blockbusters to Asian gangster movies.

Martin-Jones, D. (2007). "Decompressing Modernity: South Korean Time, Travel Narratives and the IMF Crisis." Cinema Journal 46(4): 45-67.South Korea
literary theory
Media
Cinema
Acceleration of time
nationalism
identity
history
Communities in crisis
gender
time/space compression
science fiction
economics
Relevance: 2
	During and after the IMF crisis of 1997-2001 several South Korean films deployed time travel narratives to explore the impact of compressed modernity on national identity. These films "decompressed" recent history to negotiate social changes brought about by the crisis, particularly in relation to changing gender roles.

Massey, A. P., M. M. Montoya-Weiss, et al. (2003). "Because Time Matters: Temporal Coordination in Global Virtual Project Teams." Journal of Management Information Systems 19(4): 129-155.social coordination
coordinating between different times
globalisation
labour time
Management
information Technology
Asynchrony
communication
temporal complexity
USA
Japan
networks
time management
Synchronicity
relevance: 2
online communities
method: social network analysis
the internet
	In this study, we explore the nature of team interaction and the role of temporal coordination in asynchronously communicating global virtual project teams (GVPT). Drawing on Time, Interaction, and Performance (TIP) theory, we consider how and why virtual team behavior is temporally patterned in complex ways. We report on the results of an experiment consisting of 35 virtual project teams comprised of 175 members residing in the United States and Japan. Through content and cluster analysis, we identify distinct patterns of interaction and examine how these patterns are associated with differential levels of GVPT performance. We also explore the role of temporal coordination mechanisms as a means to synchronize temporal patterns in GVPTs. Our results suggest that successful enactment of temporal coordination mechanisms is associated with higher performance. However, we found that temporal coordination per se is not the driver of performance; rather, it is the influence of coordination on interaction behaviors that affects performance.

Massey, D. (1995). "Places and Their Pasts." History Workshop Journal(39): 182-192.place
Separation from the past
time and space
the past
shared past
identity
nationalism
temporal distancing
past in the present
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
Massey
colonialism
	not available - from the text: There are two points which I want to draw out of these illustrations. The first is that places, in fact, are always constructed out of articulations of social relations (trading connections, the unequal links of colonialism, thoughts of home) which are not only internal to that locale but which link them to elsewhere. Their 'local uniqueness' is always already a product of wider contacts; the local is always already a product in part of 'global' forces, where global in this context refers not necessarily to the planetary scale, but to the geographical beyond, the world beyond the place itself.3 For the purposes of the argument here, I should like to take that point as given. But there is a second point whichi s raised by these various illustrations. All of them indicate a feeling that there is or has been some kind of disruption between the past of these places and at least some elements of their present or their potential future. Indeed, in all these cases 'the past' is seen in some sense to embody the real character of the place. It is from this kind of thinking that we find ourselves, probably all the while knowing that the term evokes a million unfortunate implications, talking of other places as 'unspoilt' (by which we usually mean: it is as we have imagined it to have been in some distant past).

May, J. and N. Thrift, Eds. (2001). Timespace: Geographies of temporality. London and New York, Routledge.Social time
time and space
globalisation
Geography
Human Geography
history
Multiple temporalities
politics
Sociology
Anthropology
psychology
Cultural studies
Relevance: 2
time geography
conceptions of time
media
	Timespace undermines the old certainties of time and space by arguing that these dimensions do not exist singly, but only as a hybrid process term. The issue of space has perhaps been over-emphasised and it is essential that processes of everyday existence, such as globalisation and environmental issues and also notions such as gender, race and ethnicity, are looked at with a balanced time-space analysis. The social and cultural consequences of this move are traced through a series of studies which deploy different perspectives - structural, phenomenological and even Buddhist - in order to make things meet up. The contributors provide an overview of the history of time and introduce the concepts of time and space together, across a range of disciplines. The themes discussed are of importance for cultural geography, sociology, anthropology, cultural and media studies, and psychology.

McCrossen, A. (2007). ""Conventions of Simultaneity": Time Standards, Public Clocks, and Nationalism in American Cities and Towns, 1871-1905." Journal of Urban History 33(2): 217-253.clock time
clocks
Simultaneity
Standardisation
nationalism
history
Urban communities
USA
Technology
time discipline
time management
temporal ordering
power
national time
Relevance: 2
time reckoning
	This article considers the saturation of American cities and towns with government-sponsored public clocks during the Gilded Age. In doing so, it seeks to establish that while clocks are part of the modern technological landscape of order, discipline, and efficiency, they also constitute another terrain of power: that of the state. The article considers the diffusion of government clocks across the nation and the nationalist symbolism associated with many period government clocks as well as clocks in general.

McDermott, S. (2004). "Future-perfect: Gender, nostalgia, and the not yet presented in Marilynne Robinson's Housekeeping." Journal of Gender Studies 13(3): 259-270.feminist theory
gender
nostalgia
literary theory
literature
the past
futurity
social change
Postmodernism
what might have been
utopia
Critical temporalities
past in the future
Relevance: 2
politics
feminism
Mourning
temporal conflict
women's time
time as symbolic resource
Utopia
absence of future
Affect
what is not yet
	Recent feminist theory has been preoccupied with the politics of taboo emotions such as nostalgia, mourning and regret; emotions that are generally viewed as being in conflict with feminism's desire for future change. This paper seeks to break down the implicit dichotomy between the desire for change and the backward glance through a re-reading of Marilynne Robinson's Housekeeping. Earlier readings of Housekeeping have tended to read the novel as a female quest for the 'not yet presented'. According to Friedman, this plot structure serves to differentiate the novel from 'male texts of postmodernity', with their thematic of nostalgia for the loss of the patriarchal certainties. My paper argues, contra Friedman, that the narrative voice in Housekeeping serves to construct a poetics of nostalgic mourning, but one that longs for what might have been rather than what was. Through this re-reading of Housekeeping, the paper argues for the necessity of re-evaluating the concept of nostalgia for feminist and left discourses. It concludes by suggesting that nostalgic longings (by acting as reminders of what might have been) may actually provide an impetus for future change; as such they offer a means of recuperating the utopian impulse that feminism currently mourns.

McGrath, J. E. and J. R. Kelly (1986). Time and Human Interaction: toward a social psychology of time. New York, Guilford Press.psychology
Method: dynamic rather than static
Methodology
philosophy
biology
Relevance: 2
time use
experiential time
social psychology
conceptions of time
time as symbolic resource
Social coordination
time as missing element
temporality of academic work
Biological time
organisational temporalities
timelessness
entrainment
time scarcity
	Time concepts and expressions permeate our language and thought, our perceptions, and our arrangements with others. Yet, despite their pervasiveness, until recently social psychology has been, as the authors of "Time and Human Interaction" put it, virtually "timeless." Neither the temporal assumptions implicit in the psychologist's observations, theories, and measurements, nor the effects of cultural conceptions of time or social interactions, have received more than scant attention. In this ambitious new work, Joseph McGrath and Janice Kelly explore the reasons for this neglect, lay bare some of the assumptions about time underlying current research, and map out three broad areas of concern to psychology: the effects of temporal factors, such as time pressure, on behavior; the influence of social and psychological factors on the temporal patterning of behavior, on individual experiences, and uses of time; and finally, the temporal features of research methodology. Woven from such diverse sources as the philosophy of time, psychological analyses of time judgements, biological studies of entrainment, and social psychological investigations of effects of time limits and work shifts, this volume offers a unique synthesis of conceptual, methodological, and substantive issues in the social psychology of time. Problems long ignored because of their complexity are presented clearly and compellingly, making this an important book for students of business and organizational dynamics as well as social psychologists and advanced students interested in time, group processes, and research methodology.

Meier, R. L. (1959). "Human Time Allocation: A Basis for Social Accounts." Journal of the American Institute of Planners 25(1): 27-34.time allocation
Planning
Urban communities
time use
values
methodology
social Change
Policy
Relevance: 2
	It is possible to develop indices of the richness of life in urban communities. A parallel technique to national income accounting can be used for analyzing the social choices made within a population. It is based upon the ways people spend their time. Improvements in income and social development are accompanied by increases in the amount of time spent in public activity. They are reflected also in an increase in the variety of life. Thus, the cumulative data on time allocations can be used to indicate whether the life of various sections of the population is getting richer, and the effectiveness of programs directed to modifying the social and physical environment can be tested.

Melucci, A. (1996). "Youth, time and social movements." Young 4(2): 3-14.children/youth
activism
action
Sociology
social conflict
time as missing element
experiential time
Relevance: 2
social Change
	The emerging trends in youth culture and action have to be understood both from a macro-sociological perspective and through the consideration of individual experiences in everyday life. In this essay I will try to integrate these two levels of analysis and I will argue that 1) conflicts and social movements in complex societies shift from the material to the symbolic; 2) the experience of time is a core issue, a core dilemma; 3) young people, and particularly adolescents, are key actors as regards the issue of time in complex societies.

Menzies, H. (2000). "Cyberspace Time and Infertility: Thoughts on social time and the environment." Time & Society 9(1): 75-89.reproductive time
social time
environment
online communities
inclusion/exclusion
labour time
Asynchrony
Rhythms
Acceleration of time
Technology
communication
history of changing perceptions of time
modernity
Postmodernism
critical temporalities
Memory
embodiment
Sociology
Relevance: 2
face-to-face
Reproductive time
Methodology
The internet
	This essay uses a personal experience of infertility as a metaphor for a deepening societal alienation, as work and other social activities are increasingly disembodied from grounded, face-to-face contexts into asynchronous bit-actions, the tempo of which is driven by the lightning speed of global digital communication. A history of modern and even postmodern time and its social-conditioning effects, the discourse on technological change (and attendant objective, disembodying language), and new reproductive technologies are discussed, as are possible ways of recovering a sense of time as experience and human memory, and applying this to a renewed social science of implicated participation.

Michaud, E. and C. Fox (1993). "National Socialist Architecture as an Acceleration of Time." Critical Inquiry 19(2): 220-233.Past in the present
political time
Germany
time as tool for political legitimation
art
Architecture
Relevance: 2
Acceleration of time
time as symbolic resource
	Discusses use of temporal metaphors within National Socialism

Middleton, J. (2009). "'Stepping in time': walking, time, and space in the city." Environment and Planning A 41(8): 1943-1961.time and space
cities
transport technologies
time management
Acceleration of time
Deceleration of time
linear time
clock time
critical temporalities
multiple temporalities
temporal complexity
method: Interviews
method: time diaries
Urban communities
waiting
time as resource
embodiment
identity
Rhythms
Relevance: 2
policy
	There is a well-documented emphasis within transport policy on speed and efficiency, with the benefits of transport schemes frequently assessed in these terms. The focus on reducing journey times is also evident in pedestrian policy, with the 'time-saving' attributes of walking often promoted. However, this emphasis on speed within the transport policy arena reflects linear understandings of time as nothing more than 'clock time' passing. In contrast, this paper explores the multiple forms of temporality and spatiality that emerge out of and shape urban pedestrian movement. The discussion draws upon in-depth interview and diary data from fieldwork undertaken in London, and in so doing provides a 'timely' empirical engagement with theoretical understandings of time and space. Within this examination of the multiple temporalities of urban walking, it is suggested that people become aware of the experiential dimensions of time when they are made to wait. The paper moves on to explore the issues of physical mobility difficulties in the context of highlighting the multiple spatialities of walking, and attention is also drawn to how people use temporal and spatial concerns to frame their identities as to who they are in relation to others. It is suggested that notions of rhythm provide a productive means for engaging with how time, space, and identity interrelate as people walk.

Miller, D. F. (1993). "Political Time: The Problem of Timing and Chance " Time & Society 2(2): 179-197.political time
politics
timing
Unpredictibility
events
chronos/kairos
psychology
action
Agency
Relevance: 2
Untimely
	Political time is the timing of our affairs; the union of an event with its time and place; the particular context of our actions, each one seemingly unique. To cope with chance; to grab an opportunity or to be thrown by the unexpected. Some events are timely, others untimely: the physiology and psychology of timing. The implications of this for our behaviour cast a novel light on certain necessary qualities of our politics—in its broadest setting. Yet, how determined is a chance timing? Do we need a new human science somewhere between the conventional mathesis universalis and a mathesis singularis (Barthes)?

Mills, M. (2000). "Providing Space for Time." Time & Society 9(1): 91-127.time and space
life course
Method: quantitative
methodology
social time
Scheduling
organisational temporalities
time perspective
Perception of time
Memory
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
calendars
conceptions of time
Assumptions about time obscuring x
temporality of academic work
epistemology
	The article alerts those in the field of quantitative life course research to the ontological impact of different forms of temporality. The first section reviews the influence of cosmic cycles, human development, historical, cultural, social and institutional forms of temporality on life course behaviour. Two central themes arise. Institutional calendars shape our everyday lives, and seemingly innocent calendars may influence behaviour. Furthermore, behavioural affects from cosmic and biological time are increasingly colonized by social constructions of temporality. The second section outlines how ontological perceptions of time shape the epistemological approach. The discussion separates temporal effects from what is an artefact of data, methods and methodology. Timing and method of data collection, memory, and self-registration influence results. The author suggests reflexivity, new interpretations of memory, and blending of methods and sources to improve research.

Minnegal, M., T. J. King, et al. (2003). "Deep Identity, Shallow Time: Sustaining a Future in Victorian Fishing Communities." The Australian Journal of Anthropology 14(1): 53-71.Australia
Anthropology
deep time
Futurity
food
coastal communities
environment
Sustainability
Absence of future
Modernization
globalisation
Tradition
continuity over time
Generations
place
imagined pasts
identity
time as tool for managing percieved threats
time as symbolic resource
Relevance: 2
Agriculture
	Like commercial fishers everywhere, it seems, those living in coastal communities of Victoria perceive themselves to be under threat from recreational fishers, environmentalists, imposed management regimes, and modernisation and globalisation of the industry. In responding to these threats they appeal to conventional props of tradition—to continuity in genealogical time, affiliation with place and specialised knowledge and practice. This seems paradoxical, given that most established fishers in Victoria are first or second generation members of an industry that, through its 150-year history, has been characterised by innovation and mobility. That paradox, we argue, is more apparent than real. Fisher identity is grounded primarily in engagement with an environment that is not familiar to outsiders. The paradox arises because fishers, like others who seek to sustain a future in the face of threat from outsiders, reshape strongly felt identity as tradition.

Mische, A. (2009). "Projects and Possibilities: Researching Futures in Action." Sociological Forum 24(3): 694-704.action
the future
sociology
open future
Shared future
social change
Relevance: 2
time as symbolic resource
hope
organisational temporalities
imagined futures
Social structure
time as missing element
critique of discipline
Methodology
future orientation
	How can we understand the social impact of cognitions of a projected future, taking into account both the institutional determinants of hopes and their personal inventiveness? How can we document the repercussions, often contrary to intentions, “back from” such projected futures to the production and transformation of social structures? These are some of the questions to be addressed by a cultural sociology that attempts to look seriously at the effects of a projected future as a dynamic force undergirding social change. In this essay I discuss some of the reasons why the analysis of the future has been so neglected in sociological theory and research, and then sketch a possible framework for reincorporating it that specifies some of the cognitive dimensions of projectivity. In the process, I will show how a focus on future projections can help us make a link between cognition and action in a manner that has so far been neglected in the sociological literature.

Molseed, M. J. (1987). "The Problem of Temporality in the Work of Georg Simmel." The Sociological Quarterly 28(3): 357-366.Simmel
sociology
Knowledge
methodology
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
epistemology
evolution
social time
	While Georg Simmel's work is predominantly recognized as contributing to the formal analysis of social interaction and temporality is an issue not conceived of as a feature of his work, formal analysis is not incompatible with a temporal approach to the study of social life. This article discusses issues of temporality as they appeared in the work of Georg Simmel by first presenting some general comments about his work and its status within the discipline, as well as some problems present in his writings that contribute to confusion regarding his views on temporality as well as formal sociology itself. Next, his views on temporality as they relate to his dualistic perspective are discussed. This is followed by a discussion of his evolutionary epistemology, which is also relevant to the issue of temporality in his work. In conclusion, the ways in which Simmel's view of temporality could enhance current sociological inquiry are discussed.

Moore, W. E. (1963). Man, time and society. New York, Wiley.Philosophy
sociology
social time
Method: comparative analysis
temporal ordering
synchronicity
Simultaneity
sequence
time scarcity
short-term perspectives
long-term perspectives
organisational temporalities
Relevance: 2
method: dynamic rather than static
families
Volunteering
cities
national time
economics
coordinating between different times
events
	Not available... From book review http://www.jstor.org/stable/2023720 The purpose of Moore's book is to offer a survey of the ways in which time figures in social life, for the most part in advanced industrial societies though with an occasional comparative look at societies of different kinds. Early in the book, after an assertion to the effect that time is "intrinsically dynamic," Moore presents three elements of temporal ordering in terms of which much of the discussion is carried out. These are "synchronization," or the element of simultaneous and intermeshing action by a number of people whose actions are relevant to the accomplishment of what is at issue; "sequence," or recognition of the prescribed order of a course of events; and "rate," or the frequency of events in a given period of time (8). With these, and the idea of time as scarce or plentiful, he offers accounts of time in the ordering of the lives of individuals; in the structuring and working of various kinds of organizations such as families, administrative organizations of varying kinds, and voluntary organizations; and in the functioning of such large-scale social systems as entire cities, states, and economies. The ways in which short and long-term perspec-tives affect the workings of each of these institutional agencies of social life are discussed, as well as the factors that contribute both to the scarcity of time and to the strains and stresses such scarcity may evoke (ef. pp. 18 ff., 22, 71, 77 and 106). But although altogether the books seems to offer a sound account of what its author professes to deal with, and though surely anyone who wanted to understand-I suppose philosophically-the nature of social time might have to take these things into account, the book itself is geared toward descriptive presentation and not theoretical speculation. There are passing remarks of a philosophical or seemingly philosophical character-such as the suggestion that the passage of time is not itself a causal factor (50) or that time is a "continuous variable " (90), which may suggest that Moore sub-scribes or should subscribe to a realistic conception of time-but these are never examined. This is not to be taken as adversely critical of the book, its author being a sociologist engaged in a piece of sociological writing, but is intended as information for readers of this journal. 

Morgan, D. (1996). "Andrew Suknaski's "Wood Mountain Time" and the Chronotope of Multiculturalism." Mosaic 29(3).chronotopes
Multiculturalism
literary theory
Bakhtin
time as symbolic resource
social time
literature
history
subjectivity
communication
knowledge
historical time
time and space
relevance: 2
	Not avialable - from the text: My concern here, however, is not to take up these specific debates but rather to show how Suknaski's poetry puts pressure on established literary conventions and raises questions about how they come into being in the first place. Drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin's theories about how literary conventions and genres arise from social realities and relations, I wish to demonstrate the way that Suknaski's Wood Mountain texts function to articulate -- in both senses of enunciating and joining together -- history as lived, language as uttered, and identity as posited. The advantage that such a text/world approach to multiculturalism has over those which stress economic, legal and political events and determinants lies in the way that it engages the interplay of a wide range and various kinds of subjectivities and shows how the subjects of multiculturalism come to know themselves and become known through language.

The gateway between literature and the world in which it is produced is most thoroughly theorized by Bakhtin in terms of the chronotope, "the intrinsic connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships that are artistically expressed in literature" ("Forms" 84). As the key to Bakhtin's "historical poetics," the chronotope enables him to posit text and world as relational rather than oppositional conditions, differing in degree but not in essence. Katerina Clark and Michael Holquist point out that the chronotope in Bakhtin's thought is a "bridge, not a wall" between actual and represented worlds (279). Within this context, genres are defined only strategically as a set of categories for classifying literature. More importantly, they function as spheres of language usage that are tied to and arise from historical time and geographical and social space.

Moshe, M. (2009). "Temporary versus Permanent: Time framing in the Israeli political arena." Time & Society 18(1): 154-171.israel
nationalism
national time
continuity over time
political time
action
time as tool for political legitimation
permanence
community stability
social Change
Unpredictibility
relevance: 2
Middle East
	This article juxtaposes 'temporary' versus 'permanent' based on a study of the Israeli Prime Minister's 'permanent incapacity' (the result of illness) and of the President's 'temporary incapacity' (the result of a police investigation). Analysis indicates that: a) temporal maps are mainly framed by focusing on 'temporary' states; b) the temporal structure of 'temporary' is associated simultaneously with a sense of stability and with a search for change and transition; c) the temporal structure of 'permanent' is linked both to uncertainty and confusion and to the maintenance of continuity. It seems that the inherent tension between 'temporary' and 'permanent' is challenged by the notion of risk and the rise of 'second modernity'.

Moshenska, G. (2007). "Oral history in historical archaeology: excavating sites of memory." Oral History 35(1): 91-97.method: oral history
Archaeology
Memory
Methodology
communication
community archaeology
U.K.
England
Materiality
Relevance: 2
	The use of oral history as a source in recent historical archaeology is a growing phenomenon. In this paper I advocate a site-based approach to this interdisciplinary work, combining archaeological, historical and memory work on a specific location to create and foster a public discourse of memory. This draws on the popular interest in archaeological work to form a nexus or meeting place for the expression, collection and communication of memory. An experiment to test this theory was carried out on a large community archaeology project on a Blitz site in East London. The results were successful, with stories and memories being volunteered by visitors to the site rather than being actively sought out.

Moss, D. (2010). "Memory, space and time: Researching children’s lives." Childhood 17(4): 530-544.Memory
time and space
methodology
Method: qualitative
Sociology
social Change
temporal complexity
life course
Families
past in the present
coordinating between different times
Relevance: 2
children/youth
	This article discusses the research approach in ‘Pathways through Childhood’, a small qualitative study drawing on memories of childhood. The research explores how wider social arrangements and social change influence children’s everyday lives.The article discusses the way that the concepts of social memory, space and time have been drawn on to access and analyse children’s experiences, arguing that attention to the temporal and spatial complexity of childhood reveals less visible yet formative influences and connections. Children’s everyday engagements involve connections between past and present time, between children, families, communities and nations, and between different places. Children carve out space and time for themselves from these complex relations.

Muecke, S. (2004). Ancient and Modern: Time, Culture and Indigenous Philosophy Sydney, UNSW Press.Philosophy
history
Temporal distancing
Coevalness
shared past
Relevance: 2
indigenous peoples
temporal distancing
knowledge
inclusion/exclusion
indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
Australia
asynchrony
assumptions about time obscuring x
	How might we think and talk about indigenous philosophy? Why has Aboriginal knowledge not been given the status of philosophical knowledge, but treated by whites rather as culture or history? There is a quarrel about whose antiquity is at the foundation of Australian culture, and why contemporary forms of Aboriginality are marginal to Australia’s modernity. These are the starting points for the essays contained in Stephen Muecke’s original and challenging book.

Mückenberger, U. (2011). "Local time policies in Europe." Time & Society 20(2): 241-273.local time
Europe
Urban communities
Policy
labour time
coordinating between different times
Public and private time
care work
Scheduling
Acceleration of time
Deceleration of time
cities
women's time
education
health care
critical temporalities
politics
social cohesion
Relevance: 2
planning
Ireland
Italy
Germany
France
Spain
time/space compression
	Urban temporal policies, policies intended to coordinate working times, public and private service times, and the urban time schedules to the needs of human beings, individuals, families, communities, seem to gain ground across Europe. They stem from new time compression experiences in everyday working, leisure and family life of citizens, but particularly among women. They focus on different local policy areas, like transport, school, child- and elderly-care, security, services, urban planning, work-life balance, etc., and tend to restructure these areas in a humane, time-aware mode. Local time policies are necessarily participative policies including stakeholders as the subjects of change. Since the early 1990s this new type of policy has spread over West Europe, starting from Italy ('tempi della cittÃ') and extending to Germany, France, Spain, Ireland, and Finland. Now, time policies are becoming more influential in central and eastern Europe as well. Recently, on 28 October 2010, the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe adopted a recommendation (Rec 295(2010)) and a resolution (Res 313 (2010)) addressed to its 47 member states favouring local time policies. In 2009, the Congress Committee for Social Cohesion had taken up the issue. The political reporter, Clotilde Tascon-Mennetrier, and the scientific commentator, Professor Ulrich Mückenberger, submitted a proposal of recommendations to the Committee. After two extensive deliberations, supported by both reporter and commentator, the Committee unanimously adopted these recommendations on 16 March 2010 (CPL/SOC(17)2). In October 2010, after a slight redraft, the docu-ment was passed by the Congress implementing large parts of the opinion of Professor Mückenberger. Now it is up to the Committee of Ministers to deliberate the resolution and to take measures accordingly. In the following, two texts from this process are documented. When taking up the subject of local time policies, the Committee of Social Cohesion asked Professor Mückenberger to be the general commentator for Europe and to submit a general report with policy recommendations for the Council of Europe.1 The following article basically corresponds to this report; the policy recommendations are left aside because they have been mainly integrated into both the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities recommendation 295(2010) (see Appendix 1 below) and the Congress resolution 313 (2010) (see Appendix 2 below).

Mumford, L. (1946). Technics and Civilization. London, Routledge.technology
social time
social change
Relevance: 2
philosophy
Sociology
changing perceptions of time
history of changing perceptions of time
industrialisation
Transport technologies
labour time
Middle Ages
	Technics and Civilization first presented its compelling history of the machine and critical study of its effects on civilization in 1934—before television, the personal computer, and the Internet even appeared on our periphery.Drawing upon art, science, philosophy, and the history of culture, Lewis Mumford explained the origin of the machine age and traced its social results, asserting that the development of modern technology had its roots in the Middle Ages rather than the Industrial Revolution. Mumford sagely argued that it was the moral, economic, and political choices we made, not the machines that we used, that determined our then industrially driven economy. Equal parts powerful history and polemic criticism, Technics and Civilization was the first comprehensive attempt in English to portray the development of the machine age over the last thousand years—and to predict the pull the technological still holds over us today.

Munn, N. D. (1992). "The Cultural Anthropology of Time: A Critical Essay." Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 93-123.social time
Anthropology
Multiple temporalities
time reckoning
Static time
action
agency
change over time
time as tool for political legitimation
Past in the present
Relevance: 2
Review article
time as missing element
	Not available - from introduction: Writing a review of the cultural anthropology of time is something like reading Borges's (19a) infinite "Book of Sand": as one opens this book, pages keep growing from it-it has no beginning or end. Borges's book could be taken as the space of time: A page once seen is never seen again, and the book's harried
possessors keep trying to escape its "monstrous" self-production by surreptitiously selling or losing it. The diffuse, endlessly multiplying studies of sociocultural time reflect
time's pervasiveness as an inescapable dimension of all aspects of social experience and practice. This apparently "infinite complexity" (1:200) seems to be both a cause and a product of insufficient theoretical attention to the nature of time as a unitary, focal problem (cf 1:200, 119a: 152). When time is a focus, it may be subject to oversimplified, single-stranded descriptions or typifications, rather than to a theoretical examination of basic sociocultural processes through which temporality is constructed (cf 39a, 51:42, 178a:182).
Anthropological reviews or summaries of the field (51, 71, 127a, 164) are both sparse and, with the exception of Gell's (62) major new study,1 relatively superficial despite the importance of the topic. Thus the problem of time has often been handmaiden to other anthropological frames and issues (political structures, descent, ritual, work, narrative,
history, cosmology, etc, as well as, at another level, general theories of anthropological discourse) with which it is inextricably bound up. In short, the topic of time frequently fragments into all the other dimensions and topics anthropologists deal with in the social world.

Murphy, P. (2001). Time is of the Essence: Temporality, Gender, and the New Woman. Albany, SUNY Press.literary theory
history
social time
gender
feminism
Technology
Relevance: 2
women's time
literature
U.K.
progress
origin stories
psychology
time as symbolic resource
time as tool for managing percieved threats
Transport technologies
changing perceptions of time
clocks
time reckoning
	Examines the intricate relationships between time and gender in the novels of five fin-de-siecle British writers--Thomas Hardy, Olive Schreiner, H. Rider Haggard, Sarah Grand, and Mona Caird In Time Is of the Essence, Patricia Murphy argues that the Victorian debate on the Woman Question was informed by a crucial but as yet unexplored element at the fin de siecle: the cultural construction of time. Victorians were obsessed with time in this century of incessant change, responding to such diverse developments as Darwinism, a newfound faith in progress, an unprecedented fascination with history and origins, and the nascent discipline of evolutionary psychology. The works examined here--novels by Thomas Hardy, Olive Schreiner, H. Rider Haggard, Sarah Grand, and Mona Caird--manipulate prevalent discourses on time to convey anxieties over gender, which intensified in the century's final decades with the appearance of the rebellious New Woman. Unmasking the intricate relationship between time and gender that threaded through these and other works of the period, Murphy reveals that the cultural construction of time, which was grounded in the gender-charged associations of history, progress, Christianity, and evolution, served as a powerful vehicle for reinforcing rigid boundaries between masculinity and femininity. In the process, she also covers a number of other important and intriguing topics, including the effects of rail travel on Victorian perceptions of time and the explosion of watch production throughout the period.

Musharbash, Y. (2007). "Boredom, Time, and Modernity: An Example from Aboriginal Australia." American Anthropologist 109(2): 307-317.Indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
Australia
Anthropology
boredom
method: ethnography
method: comparative analysis
social time
Postcolonialism
multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
Modernity
literary theory
Sociology
philosophy
cultural variants of time
changing perceptions of time
Western imperialism
conceptions of time
identity
	In this article, I explore an anthropologically underresearched topic, boredom, utilizing ethnographic data from the Australian Aboriginal settlement of Yuendumu and situating that research in a comparative perspective. I examine the concept's genesis and meaning at Yuendumu using the social-constructivist approach to boredom as proposed in literature studies, sociology, and philosophy. That approach provides an account of how the emergence of boredom in 18th-century Europe is linked to processes of modernity. That perspective, however, has led to claims that boredom is a Western phenomenon and that its existence elsewhere is because of "Westernization." In this article, I argue against that perspective by linking instances of boredom at Yuendumu to perceptions of personhood and to conceptualizations of being in time-particularly socioculturally specific ways of perceiving time and postcolonial temporalities as generating the emergence of boredom. This boredom is a historically and socioculturally specific phenomenon, arising out of distinct sociocultural engagements with locally particular processes of modernity.

Najar, S. (1997). "The social representation of historic time in Maghrib culture." The Journal of North African Studies 2(3): 25-33.Africa
historical time
social time
history
Ritual
eternity
Repetition
Religion
temporal boundaries
break in time
life course
Relevance: 2
	The alimentary rituals of daily life are a means of reinforcing its sense of the eternal present. This concept of the tragic is to be contrasted with the links between present and future as reflected in the religious visions where contemporary taboos become the permissiveness of Paradise. The argument is illustrated by the role played by a specific dish, <i>m'hammas,</i> in defining rites of passage, both those of marriage and widowhood.

Nanni, G. (2011). "Time, empire and resistance in settler-colonial Victoria." Time & Society 20(1): 5-33.Asynchrony
past in the present
Australia
indigenous Australians
colonialism
power
critical temporalities
temporal conflict
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
coordinating between different times
time as tool for managing percieved threats
indigenous peoples
	This article addresses the role of time as a locus of power and resistance in the context of 19th-century European colonialism. It adopts the case-study of the British settler-colony of Victoria, Australia, to illustrate the manner in which colonization entailed, as well as territorial conquest, the subversion of conflicting attitudes to time. It is argued that whilst the colonization of ‘Aboriginal time’ aided the broader economic interests of settler-colonialism by helping to absorb the Indigenous presence within the temporal landscape of colonial society, time also functioned as a tool for Indigenous resistance and cultural negotiation.

Nespor, J., D. Hicks, et al. (2009). "Time and exclusion." Disability and Society 24(3): 373-385.Disability
Education
inclusion/exclusion
method: Interviews
clocks
standardisation
temporal distancing
relevance: 2
families
organisational temporalities
USA
Scheduling
calendars
time as tool for managing percieved threats
temporal conflict
Assumptions about time obscuring x
children/youth
time reckoning
	Drawing on interviews with parents of children with complex disabilities in several school systems in a US state, this paper examines how temporal units such as the school day and school year and practices organized around artifacts like clocks and calendars work as 'devices of temporal distanciation' to separate children with disabilities from other children and exclude their families from critical relations with schools. The paper focuses on two kinds of effects: the ways differentiated timetables separate children and the ways constructing school time in bounded, discrete units limits the ability of parents and children to make key elements of their lives visible to the school.

Newton, T. (2003). "Crossing the Great Divide." Sociology 37(3): 433-457.Sociology
temporal conflict
nature
social coordination
coordinating between different times
temporality of academic work
Multiple temporalities
Norbert Elias
time as natural
social time
Acceleration of time
social Change
change over time
Short-term perspectives
long-term perspectives
time as horizon
social theory
embodiment
relevance: 2
epistemology
knowledge
	This article addresses perceived difference in temporal pace within nature and considers how epistemological debate is conditioned by such difference, drawing on the work of Norbert Elias. The first part of the article debates the equivalence of `natural time' and `social time'. The acceleration of human social pace is also explored, along with the human capacity for plasticity and change, and the contrast which such plasticity presents in relation to the seeming longevity of many natural processes. The epistemological implications of these arguments are considered in the second part of the article, focusing on the difficulties which human plasticity creates for current social theory (with particular attention to critical realism). In the final part of the article, the foregoing discussion is used to re-evaluate sociologies of nature through reference to the sociology of the body.

Nguyen, D. T. (1992). "The Spatialization of Metric Time: The Conquest of Land and Labour in Europe and the United States " Time & Society 1(1): 29-50.time and space
europe
USA
linear time
clock time
territory
labour time
time discipline
public and private time
critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
	In this paper, I address the entrenchment of metric time in the West wherein clock time came to measure not only the surface of bodies but also the space of human activity. I trace two specific sets of practices which both reflected and propelled this increasing spatialization of time: the conquest and demarcation of territories and oceans in the first instance; and, in the second, labouring activities and the discipline of private life. The questions which this paper raises, finally, relate to the political and ethical configurations in such a temporal regime.

Nicholson, G. (1971). "The Commune of Being and Time." Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review 10(4): 708-726.Continental Philosophy
Philosophy
Heidegger
Political philosophy
Relevance: 2
critique of discipline
historical time
	One cannot determine whether a book is a work of political philosophy merely by glancing at its contents. Heidegger's Being and Time is a case in point. It offers no discussion of the topics which are commonly thought to constitute political philosophy—the state, the nature of law, human rights, and so on. But particular themes such as these reflect in large part the actual conditions which prevailed at certain times and places, fourth-century Athens and seventeenth-century England, for example, so they must not be thought to constitute an outline of the eternal problems of political philosophy. When a philosopher embarks upon a new line of thought at a different time and under novel circumstances, he may find himself instituting a new vocabulary for the problems of the human community.

Nigam, A. (2004). "Imagining the Global Nation: Time and Hegemony." Economic and Political Weekly 39(1): 72-79.imagined futures
nationalism
India
temporal conflict
Multiple temporalities
time as tool for political legitimation
Relevance: 2
Global present
Asynchrony
	India's entry into the global arena opens up immense imaginative possibilities for the new elite imagination of a deterritorialised global nation, which is in turn is predicated upon a fuller incorporation into the global economy. This incorporation leads to a rapid disjunction of temporal experience with the nation-space in such a way that it breaks irrevocably with the nation-building framework and in the process unhinges the everyday popular from nation-time.

Noonan, J. (2009). "Free Time As a Necessary Condition of Free Life." Contemporary Political Theory 8(4): 377-393.ethics
social time
Capitalism
leisure time
Relevance: 2
life course
critical temporalities
Routines
repetition
organisational temporalities
normativity
values
open future
action
political theory
	Human life is finite. Given that lifetime is necessarily limited, the experience of time in any given society is a central ethical problem. If all or most of human lifetime is consumed by routine tasks (or resting for the resumption of routine) then human beings are dominated by the socially determined experience of time. This article first examines time as the fundamental existential framework of human life. It then goes on to explore the determination of time today by the ruling value system that underlies advanced capitalist society. It concludes that the equation 'time is money' rules the contemporary experience of time, and goes on to argue that this experience deprives those who live under this ruling value system of a central requirement of free human life: the experience of time as an open matrix of possibilities for action (or free time).

Nora, P., Ed. (1996). Realms of memory: rethinking the French past. Volume 1: Conflicts and Divisions. Realms of memory: rethinking the French past. New York, Columbia University Press.Memory
France
Europe
temporal conflict
past in the present
history
cultural studies
Meaning
commemorative events
heritage sites
Relevance: 2
	Offering a new approach on history, culture, French studies and the studies of symbols, Realms of Memory reveals how the myriad meanings we attach to places and events constitute our sense of history.

Nowotny, H. (1992). "Time and Social Theory." Time & Society 1(3): 421-454.social time
social theory
sociology
Giddens
Norbert Elias
G.H. Mead
Luhmann
agency
Relevance: 2
Review article
	The paper first discusses fundamental issues raised for social theory by the concept of `social time' and investigates how the concept is delineated from other discipline-embedded ones. The second section reviews the concept of social time in the work of major social theorists, notably Mead, Elias, Giddens and Luhmann. The link or lack thereof to human agency is considered crucial. The third section examines briefly the numerous empirical contributions to the study of time that cover a wide variety of subfields of social research. Finally the present potential for `time studies' in the social sciences is assessed.

Nowotny, H. (1994). Time: the Modern and Postmodern Experience. Cambridge, Polity.modernity
Postmodernism
social time
Technology
industrialisation
linear time
just-in-time production
communication
experiential time
organisational temporalities
Relevance: 2
changing perceptions of time
Simultaneity
critical temporalities
action
Sociology
	from back cover:
"Helga Nowotny's exploration of the forms and meaning of time in contemporary life is panoramic without in any way partaking of the blandness of a survey. From the artificial time of the scientific laboratory to the distinctively modern yearning for one's own time, she regards every topic in this wide-ranging book from a fresh angle of vision, one which reveals unsuspected affinities between the bravest, newest worlds of global technology and the most ancient worlds of myth."
--Lorraine Daston, University of Chicago

This book represents a major contribution to the understanding of time, giving particular attention to time in relation to modernity. The development of industrialism, the author points out, was based upon a linear and abstract conception of time. Today we see that form of production, and the social institutions associated with it, supplanted by flexible specialization and just-in-time production systems. New information and communication technologies have made a fundamental impact here. But what does all this mean for temporal regimes? How can we understand the transformation of time and space involved in the bewildering variety of options on offer in a postmodern world?

The author provides an incisive analysis of the temporal implications of modern communication. She considers the implications of worldwide simultaneous experience, made possible by satellite technologies, and considers the reorganization of time involved in the continuous technological innovation that marks our era. In this puzzling universe of action, how does one achieve a 'time of one's own'? The discovery of a specific time perspective centred in the individual, she shows, expresses a yearning for forms of experience that are subversive of established institutional patterns.

This brilliant study, became a classic in Germany, will be of interest to students and professionals working in the areas of social theory, sociology, politics and anthropology.

Nugin, R. (2010). "Social Time as the Basis of Generational Consciousness." Trames: Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 14(4): 342-366.social time
generations
individual time
coordinating between different times
life course
Shared past
Europe
Soviet Union
postcommunism
social Change
method: Interviews
Method: quantitative
Method: qualitative
collective memory
temporal boundaries
identity
Relevance: 2
	The article addresses the interdependence of personal and social time. Certain social events at certain age create specific forms of social identity which defines itself through these social developments. The focus of this article is theorizing how this identity - in other words, generational consciousness - can be triggered by social processes. In particular, specific interest will be on the age group born in Estonia in the 1970s, a cohort reaching maturity at the time broad social changes took place after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Generational consciousness forms when personal and social transitions coincide among those who are young at the time of social transitions. However, historical change does not necessarily articulate in a generational consciousness in all circumstances. Hence, analysing qualitative interview data against a backdrop of quantitative data, the article attempts to reveal the reflexive generational consciousness of this cohort and its core features. The paper also seeks to discover whether the subjective borders stated by the respondents to their social identity coincide with the (objective) social and demographic conditions of this cohort.

Odih, P. (1999). "Gendered Time in the Age of Deconstruction." Time & Society 8(1): 9-38.Gender
Deconstruction
Derrida
inclusion/exclusion
linear time
time as symbolic resource
politics of time
politics
feminism
feminist theory
women's time
public and private time
labour time
critical temporalities
Multiple temporalities
non-linear time
time as all encompassing
Relevance: 2
epistemology
Continental Philosophy
	Representational linear time is premised on the rational ordering and control of space and time and the denial of différance; it knows no Other. Linear time's claim to neutrality has, in recent years, been the subject of much feminist debate. Davies and Leccardi have, for example, argued the incompatibility of `women's time' with a linear perspective which separates work from leisure, the public from the private, and task from clock-based orientations to time. But many of these feminist challenges are epistemologically grounded in the very same representational tradition, which has secured the hegemony of linear time. For these feminist discourses tend towards either a strategy of reversing the phallocentricity of linear time and or synthesizing the binary elements of their discourse (i.e., its male/female opposition) into mutually inclusive dualistic pairs. The problem that unites these respective strategies is that they fail to displace the dualistic epistemology that is at the heart of Enlightenment thought. Conversely, this paper argues that a way to destroy the male/female time opposition is not to invert it but to deconstruct it. Deconstruction, as defined by Derrida, is a strategy, which attacks the classical oppositions of the metaphysics of presence and in doing so, destroys the phallocentric binary that it creates. The alternative discourse of gendered time presented in this paper defines masculine and feminine time(s) as elements that represent multiple differences, pluralities of characteristics that cross and re-cross the alleged boundary between the two. It is in this sense that discourses of gendered time can fracture the masculine fiction of unity that is linear time and reveal how these unities have repressed an Other.

Odysseos, L. (2009). "Constituting Community: Heidegger, Mimesis and Critical Belonging." CRISPP: Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 12(1): 37-61.Heidegger
philosophy
continental Philosophy
Belonging
deconstruction
identity
shared past
non-homogeneous community
Tradition
critical temporalities
inclusion/exclusion
Multiculturalism
Relevance: 2
	In this article, I propose a consideration of the question of community and mimesis. I suggest that Heidegger's radically hermeneutic and heteronomous analysis of existence (Daseinanalytik) enables us to give a critical rereading of his cryptic, contentious and troubling statements on 'community' and 'people' in the infamous paragraph 74 of Being and time. My purpose is not solely exegetical with respect to Heidegger's argument, however. This rereading is primarily a retrieval of a productive understanding of how community comes to be constituted through the practice of 'critical mimesis' from Heidegger's thought, as developed by authors such as Peg Birmingham. Critical mimesis or identification, I argue, points to a type of relationship towards the community's past that renders communal constitution by its members into a type of 'critical belonging'. Critical belonging involves critique, displacement and resistance towards the tradition and, as a questioning mode of identification, help us critically theorise community constitution beyond 'thick' and 'thin' dichotomies. It may also well aid us in examining empirical questions about the expansion of community, multiculturalism and social exclusion which are at the forefront of social and political concerns. (edited)

Olivier, L. (2008). Le sombre abîme du temps. Mémoire et archéologie [The Dark Abyss of Time: Memory and Archaeology]. Paris Seuil.Archaeology
memory
Past in the present
materiality
Philosophy
non-linear time
Relevance: 2
history
Benjamin
Darwin
critique of discipline
Historical time
Assumptions about time obscuring x
Methodology
critical temporalities
	Not available - from review (http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/archaeolog/2009/01/the_dark_abyss_of_time.html):  Olivier’s book is ambitious: he basically proposes to no less than rethink archaeology – a task, until now, mostly reserved to Anglo-Saxon scholars – through a reflection on time. His critical analysis, however, goes well beyond the discipline and cuts to the heart of history. Actually, the main enemy of Olivier is historicism. With its sequential, homogeneous and unilinear rendering of time, historicism has prevailed in the historical sciences. Historicism is what truly kills archaeology and makes it “despairingly superficial” (p. 53): if archaeology wants to be a relevant science, it has to stop resorting to the flawed temporalities of traditional historiography. His critical undertaking leads him to revisit inherited concepts of archaeological practice (including typology and excavation), heritage, and the history of archaeology. In his journey, he finds unexpected allies in people as disperate as Charles Darwin, Sigmund Freud, Walter Benjamin, Aby Warburg and Georges Perec. In order to deconstruct historicist time, he develops the idea that archaeology is not a form of history, as often understood in Europe, but a form of memory. Archaeology, though, does not work with individual or collective memories, but with a material one...Yet, at the same time, the past is not something physically remote – a point which has been recently emphasized by other authors (Olsen 2003; Witmore 2006). The past is at hand (à portée de main), here and now, everywhere. What we have on the surface, or near the surface, are remnants, traces, fragments de temporalité (p. 100), which are continuously involved in our lives and reinscribed according to new circumstances. Even more: the vestiges from the past condition our present (consider Roman roads and city planning)...

For Olivier, archaeology has the potential to conceive another time altogether and, therefore, to overcome historicism. As a matter of fact, archaeology has been on the brink of revolutionizing our comprehension of time since the 18th century, but in each occasion, it has balked and withdrawn to the secure realm of historicism, becoming a mere subdiscipline of history... 

Laurent Olivier’s book is an outstanding contribution to archaeological and historical theory for several reasons, but probably the most important is its unique archaeological way of reasoning, starting from the earthly remains of the past.

Olma, S. (2007). "Physical Bergsonism and the Worldliness of Time." Theory, Culture and Society 24(6): 123-137.Philosophy
continental Philosophy
Relevance: 2
Bergson
capitalism
physical time
critique of discipline
Relativity Theory
conceptions of time
social time
Materiality
time and space
Market time
finance
organisational temporalities
physics
	This article approaches the problem of capital's contemporary dispositifs from the rather unusual perspective of physics. It draws our attention to a surprising re-emergence of Bergson's critique of spatializing concepts of time in a paper recently published in the influential Foundations of Physics Letters, whose author, Peter Lynds, criticizes modern physics for maintaining at its very foundations a nonsensical notion of time, i.e., time as a succession of static instants. In doing this, he unintentionally revitalizes the famous debate between Einstein and Bergson, which the latter was believed to have lost. The fact that Bergson's critique re-emerges from within the physics community itself Olma takes as a sign of an increasing receptivity to qualitative -- i.e., nonspatial -- understandings of time. Taking Einstein's 'discovery' of relativity as a historical example, Olma argues 'that the materiality of social time forms the ontological fabric out of which conceptual -- i.e., physical -- time emerges'. If we are willing to follow him in this assertion, it seems evident that physics' newly-found interest in Bergsonism (or at least Bergson-inspired critique) indicates a dramatic shift in the materiality of the contemporary social. As much as modernity's dispositifs tended toward spatialization, Olma argues, as much do today's postmodern dispositifs temporalize the organization of social praxis. In order to substantiate the temporalization thesis he draws on today's financial markets as well as the spread of time-based organization.

O'Malley, M. (1992). "Standard Time, Narrative Film and American Progressive Politics." Time & Society 1(2): 193-206.standardisation
narrative
cinema
USA
time discipline
national time
nature
Management
time as tool for political legitimation
politics
changing perceptions of time
social time
Relevance: 2
politics
time zones
	In the United States, the establishment of standard time zones in 1883 imposed an objective, socially expedient mechanical authority on what had been regarded as an unfungible aspect of nature. This new time lent itself to editing and reformation. Nearly identical approaches to the problem of time appeared in the techniques of scientific management, the evolution of motion-picture narrative and the formation of political consensus in the years before the First World War.

O'Malley, M. (1992). "Time, Work and Task Orientation: A Critique of American Historiography " Time & Society 1(3): 341-358.task oriented time
labour time
historiography
USA
critique of discipline
time as natural
changing perceptions of time
social time
Relevance: 2
	The notion of task orientation - that natural cues govern both the pace and intensity of labor in preindustrial societies - has been too readily accepted by historians, especially American historians. Mistaking `natural time' for a more leisurely approach to life, they have missed the cultural attitudes about work that inform any interpretation of natural temporal cues. Nature offers no specific models for labor, and in many cases `natural' sources for time have resulted in regimented, regular and intense patterns of labor.

O'Neil, J. (1997). Time, Narrative and Environmental Politics. The ecological community: environmental challenges for philosophy, politics, and morality. R. S. Gottlieb. London, Routledge: 22-38.Philosophy
ecology
environment
Sustainability
climate change
narrative
politics
more-than-human communities
values
time as missing element
ethics
Relevance: 2
	not available - from the text:  "Environmental problems raise two major theoretical challenges to orthodox ethical and political thought. The first concerns the place of non-human nature in our scheme of values. The second concerns the place of time, history and narrative. Both challenges raise questions that existed prior to environmental problems, but both have become stark in the new context. Discussion in environmental ethics has tended to focus almost entirely on the first problem...it is not my purpose in this paper to deny that there is anything of value in this exchange. However one consequence is that the second challenge has been largely ignored; where it has been raised, it has been neither adequately formulated nor addressed....Moreover, it highlights more clearly the institutional and political dimentions to the debate around the environment that, in the discussion of the values of nature, often seem to get lost in the thought that if we got our values right our problems would be solved" 

from the back cover: The Ecological Community offers important and previously unexplored responses to the environmental crisis. "The premise of this volume," writes editor Roger Gottlieb, "is that the environmental crisis challenges the presuppositions of--and creates a rich field of creative work in--philosophy, politics, and moral theory." These eighteen essays are fresh and compelling interrogations of the existing wisdom in a host of areas, including liberalism, communicative ethics, rights theory and environmental philosophy itself. Contributors: Avner de-Shalit, Gus diZerega, Roger S. Gottlieb, Eric Katz, Robert Kirkman, Andrew Light, Brian Luke, David Macauley, Mark A. Michael, Carl Mitcham, John O'Neill, Holmes Rolston III, David Schlosberg, William Throop, Steven Vogel, Mark I. Wallace, Peter S. Wenz, Michael E. Zimmerman.

O'Rand, A. and R. A. Ellis (1974). "Social Class and Social Time Perspective." Social Forces 53(1): 53-62.class
social time
time perspective
future orientation
Difference
cultural diversity
time as horizon
cultural variants of time
Relevance: 2
children/youth
	The present research introduces and provisionally tests an improved methodological procedure (the Social Time Perspective Scale) for determining class-linked differences in the way persons anticipate the future and orient their behavior to it. Data for this analysis are drawn from a sample of freshmen in college who come largely, but not entirely, from middle-class backgrounds and from a sample of Job Corpsmen who come primarily from lower-class backgrounds. The findings reveal that: (1) lower-class youth in the Job Corps have a more circumscribed notion of future time than youth from the middle class and their outlook on the future is less systematically ordered; (2) upwardly mobile lower-class youth in college have succeeded in incorporating some features of the middle-class pattern of future orientation in their temporal outlook, but residues of their lower-class backgrounds are still present; and (3) in both the lower- and middle-class samples, the length of temporal perspectives is a factor mediating effective role performance.

Orlikowski, W. J. and J. Yates (2002). "It's about Time: Temporal Structuring in Organizations." Organization Science 13(6): 684-700.organisational temporalities
temporal ordering
Rhythms
communities of practice
critique of discipline
methodology
Relevance: 2
Management
	In this paper we propose the notion of temporal structuring as a way of understanding and studying time as an enacted phenomenon within organizations. We suggest that through their everyday action, actors produce and reproduce a variety of temporal structures which in turn shape the temporal rhythm and form of their ongoing practices. A focus on temporal structuring, combined with a practice perspective, allows us to bridge the subjective-objective dichotomy that underlies much of the existing research on time in organizations. After developing the notion of temporal structuring, we illustrate its use in the context of a prior empirical study. We conclude by outlining some implications of temporal structuring for organizational research on time.

Ostor, A. (1993). Vessels of time: An essay on temporal change and social transformation. Delhi, Oxford University Press.social change
social time
Multiple temporalities
in/commensurability between times
methodology
Method: comparative analysis
temporal distancing
inclusion/exclusion
anthropology
Relevance: 2
cultural variants of time
time as symbolic resource
time as all encompassing
Modernization
indigenous peoples
	This extended, penetrating, and elegantly structured and written essay is an exploration of time, conceptually, comparatively, and in different historical and social contexts. It opens with an exploration of time in different societies. Is time among the Salteaux, Balinese, Nuer, or Pitanjara similar or different? What of ancient India and China? What if we add medieval Europe and industrializing America? Immediately 'time' becomes problematic: is it a concept, a series of concepts, or just a set of measurements? How does one compare: are we sure we are dealing with comparable things. Most studies assume time to be axiomatically given, in terms of which other notions of time become different or non-existent; and are dissolved in other domains (social structure, economy, kinship, ritual). What becomes of the question of time (put in terms of an indigenous equivalent of a western concept, or-vice versa) when we ask who is doing the category construction, for whom, when, where? What is the purpose underlying the comparison? Is it an innocent study of temporality or a marker of progress, modernization, dependence? Half the essay is thus concerned with questions (theoretical, methodological, interpretative) of what is involved when we talk about time in different societies, Western and non-Western, in contemporary and historical contexts. The other half is thematically even broader with the addition of changes that have occurred over the past two centuries, leaving no society untouched. The author concludes, inter alia, that time in an anthropological sense is not a universal condition with a constant meaning throughout histories and societies, and that the anthropologist's task is to findways of comparing the differences, thereby opening cultures and traditions to each other in a more egalitarian way than was possible in the past.

Osuri, G. (2006). "Imploding Singularities: For a Critique of Autoimmunity as Political Future." Social Semiotics 16(3): 499 - 510.philosophy
inclusion/exclusion
Deconstruction
Derrida
homogenising present
war
conceptions of time
temporal complexity
Multiple temporalities
political time
politics of time
politics
time as tool for political legitimation
time as tool for managing percieved threats
Relevance: 2
western imperialism
time as all encompassing
western imperialism
Continental Philosophy
	This paper traces the resilience of Orientalist representations in contemporary political and popular cultural constructions of space and time. Derrida's deconstruction of universalist notions of space and time enables a challenge to these mechanisms. However, our contemporary political era in the context of the war between terrorisms is marked by an implosion of the Enlightenment concept of universal space and time and the attempt to negate multiple spacetimes. In this sense, Derrida's concept of autoimmunity appears to be a necessary theoretical tool in reading our political future in relation to wars between state and other terrorisms.

P.I.C. (2011). "The Revolution of Time and the Time of Revolution: a Conference." Philosophy, Interpretation and Culture 21st Annual Conference Retrieved 1st August 2011, 2011, from http://timeofrevolution.wordpress.com/.Revolution
politics
political time
The future
temporal conflict
imagined futures
critical temporalities
progress
Repetition
Asynchrony
Break in time
cyclical time
timelessness
Relevance: 2
Derrida
futurity
negri
Agamben
Deleuze
Negri
Philosophy
literary theory
cultural studies
Becoming
chronos/kairos
Continental Philosophy
	What sense of time is produced through radical politics? Is the understanding of time as future part of a radical imagination? If the commitment to radical social change involves looking forward into the future, will that leave us with a sense of futurity that depends on the linearity of yesterday, today, and tomorrow? To interrogate the emergence of radical creations and socialities, we welcome submissions that theorize time as it relates broadly to politics, cultural conflicts, alternative imaginaries, and resistant practices. Time has historically been thought and inhabited through a variety of frameworks and styles of being. At times the present repeats or seems to repeat the past. There are actions that seem to take place outside of time, to be infinite or instantaneous. Theories of emergence view time as folding in on itself. Indigenous cosmologies and Buddhist philosophers put forward the possibility of no-time or of circular and cyclical time. The radical question of time is one around which the work of many scholars has revolved: Derrida on the to-come [a-venir] of democracy, Negri’s work on kairos, Agamben on kairology, Santos on the expansive notion of the present, Deleuze and Guattari on becoming. This heterological list is far from exhaustive, while hinting at the depth of the theme that our conference cultivates. A central political concern, time invokes our most careful attention and the PIC conference provides the setting for this endeavor. We must find the time for time. At its core, this conference seeks to explore the relationship between time and revolution. Time here may mean not just simple clock and calendar time but rather a way of seeing time as part of a material thread that can go this way and that, weaving together the fabric of political projects producing the world otherwise. Ultimately, the question of time fosters a critical engagement with potentiality, potency, and power; as well as with the virtual and the actual, of the to be and the always already.  We seek papers, projects, and performances that add to the knowledge of time and revolution, but also ones that clear the way for new thinking, new alliances, new beings.

Some possible topics might include: • Radical notions of futurity, historicity, or the expansive present.• Conceptions on the right moment of action.• The political reality of time as stasis or cyclical.• The colonial creation of universal time, and decolonial cosmologies of time.• Work on thinkers of time and revolution.• Work on potentiality, the virtual, and the actual.• Capital and labor time.

Paine, R. (1992). Jewish Ontologies of Time and Political Legitimation in Israel. The Politics of Time. H. J. Rutz. Washington, D. C. , Americal Anthropoligical Association: 150-170.Israel
time as tool for political legitimation
politics
social time
Multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
judaism
political time
Middle East
conceptions of time
	not available

Panelli, R. and W. Larner (2010). "Timely Partnerships? Contrasting Geographies of Activism in New Zealand and Australia." Urban Studies 47(6): 1343-1366.Geography
Activism
urban communities
New Zealand
Australia
timeliness
method: comparative analysis
Short-term perspectives
long-term perspectives
Method: longitudinal analysis
Methodology
time and space
community development
Development
politics
temporal complexity
multiple temporalities
coordinating between different times
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
chronos/kairos
Social capital
	Analyses of activism have inspired geographers for many years, but most of this work has focused on relatively short time-frames, events and struggles. This paper suggests that there is much to be gained from a greater engagement with issues of time and time—spaces. It outlines and applies the contrasting conceptions of chrono/chora and kairo/topos notions of time—space as potentially useful ways to interrogate geographies of activism. The paper focuses on two specific forms of activism—an Australian women’s ‘Heritage Project’ and a New Zealand ‘Fishbowl’ evaluation of a community development programme— to show how politics is contingent on diverse temporal as well as spatial conditions. It reveals the complex navigations that are made as these politics are negotiated via both mutual learning processes and the forging of new activist—state relations. It is concluded that these ‘timely partnerships’ have involved moving beyond adversarial conceptions of ‘state’ and ‘activist’, but at the risk of reconstituting activism as ‘social capital’.

Parkins, W. (2004). "Out of Time: Fast Subjects and Slow Living " Time & Society 13(2-3): 363-382.cities
Deceleration of time
food
Acceleration of time
critical temporalities
coordinating between different times
Rhythms
Activism
changing perceptions of time
labour time
leisure time
families
experiential time
conceptions of time
Relevance: 2
Agriculture
	Slow living involves the conscious negotiation of the different temporalities which make up our everyday lives, deriving from a commitment to occupy time more attentively. This article considers the significance of time in practices of slow living and the imbrication of time and speed in notions of ‘slowness’ where slowness is constructed as a deliberate subversion of the dominance of speed. By purposely adopting slowness, subjects seek to generate alternative practices of work and leisure, family and sociality. I will focus on the Slow Food movement as a significant manifestation of both the desire for and the implementation of slow living through a reconceptualization of time in everyday life.

Pasero, U. (1994). "Social Time Patterns, Contingency and Gender Relations." Time & Society 3(2): 179-191.gender
social time
time scarcity
Modernity
Acceleration of time
leisure time
changing perceptions of time
temporal conflict
coordinating between different times
labour time
waiting
Perception of time
women's time
social conflict
temporal inequality
relevance: 2
care work
	The general sense that we suffer from a `lack of time' seems to be indicative of modern culture. It also seems that, rather paradoxically, this lack of time is actually being offset by an increase in the time at our disposal: witness recent increases in leisure time (that is, time not spent in paid employment). This paper proposes to examine the contradictory effects of this development and to discuss the types of experiences which become possible once one has time to spare, i.e.: contingent experiences. There are two main questions to be considered here. First, is the perception of modern time patterns gender-specific? Second, do these different perceptions cause `time collisions' in gender relations?

Patel, G. (2000). "Ghostly Appearances: Time Tales Tallied Up." Social Text 18(3): 47-66.history of changing perceptions of time
cultural variants of time
India
social time
Religion
capitalism
national time
linear time
identity
gender
embodiment
nationalism
narrative
critical temporalities
colonialism
history
postcolonialism
Affect
Relevance: 2
Hinduism
christianity
	not available - from the text: Paradoxically enough, temporality can be said to have genealogies of its own. In what follows I trace the coimplications of Christian, Christian-secular, and Hindu temporalities in the capitalist production of the militarized Indian nation. Here the production of a linear past-present-future relation (linear even as it curves back through the past) requires certain forms of subjectivity: a farmer who establishes a rural-urban progress narrative; a domesticated insinuation into gender in which a woman desires and represents both timeless tradition and modern commodities. In this reading, I show the ways in which Hindu nationalist temporality relies on both missionary and secular-Christian times. At the close of the essay, I explore ways of narrating colonial temporalities differently, using the work of two historians. This, because in order to get to the before or the after of colonialism one must traverse it. Only through such narrations, and the affect that engenders them as painful, can substantive differences in subject positions become available. The questions that frame this discussion include the following: How can we think subjectivity through other possible times, given that subjectivities in the "modern" are inseparable from particular ways of narrating time? Is it possible to speak... 

Peeren, E. (2006). "Through the Lens of the Chronotope: Suggestions for a Spatio-Temporal Perspective on Diaspora." Thamyris/Intersecting: Place, Sex and Race 13(1): 67-77.chronotopes
literary theory
Diaspora
Migration
time as missing element
time and space
Bakhtin
social time
time as symbolic resource
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
	Within diaspora studies, the temporal dimension of diaspora for the most part remains subordinated to the element of spatial dispersal. This paper aims to theorize the inextricable linkage of space and time in the production and reproduction of diaspora consciousness through Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of the chronotope. The chronotope prompts a view of diaspora identities as predicated on a removal not only from a particular location in space and moment in time, but also from the particular social practice of time-space through which a community conceptualizes its surroundings and its own place in them. Diaspora then emerges as a particular form of doubled chronotopical interpellation, as a dwelling-in-dischronotopicality.

Perkins, M. (1998). "Timeless Cultures: The `Dreamtime' as Colonial Discourse " Time & Society 7(2-3): 335-351.timelessness
Australia
Indigenous Australians
colonialism
temporal distancing
time as tool for managing percieved threats
Multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
England
language
conceptions of time
Relevance: 2
inclusion/exclusion
Asynchrony
history
indigenous peoples
	In Australia, dominant representations of indigenous culture portray it as attuned to a temporal awareness quite other than that practised by mainstream society. In the 19th century this supposed temporal `otherness' was often understood to be a timelessness, a total unawareness of time. This article suggests that, irrespective of any correspondence with actual indigenous beliefs, the construction of temporal difference was part of the 18th- and 19th-centuries colonial enterprise, and bore the marks of contemporary middle-class preoccupations. These preoccupations also shaped the reform of popular culture within England itself. An examination of attitudes to plebeian temporalities in England problematizes a purely transparent relationship between colonial terminology and indigenous culture. Use of the term `Dreamtime', for example, belongs to a long history of discussion about the nature of dreaming and its relationship to prophecy. Drawing connections between the marginalization of English popular belief and of Aboriginal culture lends support to recent analysis of the history of the word `Dreamtime' that has stressed its hegemonic role within a dominant language.

Perkinson, J. W. (2003). "Trancing Terror: African American Uses of Time to Trick the Evil Eye of Whiteness." Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 7(1): 60-75.Religion
USA
critical temporalities
race
colonialism
multiple temporalities
relevance: 2
inclusion/exclusion
History
timing
western imperialism
Visuality
time as symbolic resource
Slavery
	This essay engages the ideas of historian of religions Charles Long to examine the significance of African American work with creative uses of time and timing as a survival tactic inside the regimes of enslavement and racialization. The modern form of domination that has taken shape in the history of European colonization and imperial aggression has clearly elevated the disciplines and technologies of the eye as its modus operandi - nowhere more evident than in the emergence of racialization schemes as the primary form of social shorthand governing the on-going project of accumulation and control. The struggles of African heritage peoples in the "New World" against such have regularly interrupted the controlling monologue of the eye with ever reinvigorated and re-innovated polyphonies of the ear.The resulting consciousness is a primary modality of a profoundly religious creativity.

Perry, T. and M. J. Sims (2005). "Taking Time: The Power of Community and Conversation." The English Journal 94(3): 89-92.education
communication
organisational temporalities
time use
time allocation
Relevance: 2
time spent with community
	not available - introduction instead: For quite some time, I have contemplated the idea of community what it is and what it can be for teachers and students. For any teacher who is passionate about and thinks broadly of the literacy development of his or her students, forming and sustaining community in the classroom and with colleagues in and across school contexts is critical in improving literacy outcomes for students. I must confess that I am not a groupie by nature; I require and relish time spent in solitude. Nonetheless, whether my role was that of a daughter or a student, I recognize that I have always profited from "communities" who took personal interest in and advocated for my development. As an educator of more than twenty-five years, I can attest to the transformative power of teachers who make conscious decisions to form professional learning communities where they gather to work, think, problematize, and celebrate together, because in our profession, there is simply no substitute for creating and nurturing that particular type of collegiality.

Pickering, K. (2004). "Decolonizing Time Regimes: Lakota Conceptions of Work, Economy, and Society." American Anthropologist 106(1): 85-97.Anthropology
labour time
USA
task oriented time
native American
Critical temporalities
Colonialism
Relevance: 2
inclusion/exclusion
indigenous peoples
capitalism
changing perceptions of time
labour time
time discipline
economics
Assumptions about time obscuring x
western imperialism
	One of the hegemonic forces associated with the spread of capitalism is a shift in the time sense of production from task orientation to labor timed by the clock. On the periphery of the global economy, Lakota households on the Pine Ridge reservation must make fragmentary allocations of time between clock-based wage jobs and task-oriented forms of production governed by social relationships. Despite a long and ongoing history of state policies designed to enforce the discipline of the clock, task orientation continues to dominate Lakota time-sense. Rather than active resistance to or internalization of clock time, Lakota practices flout time-values that interfere with the task-oriented demands of more materially certain, socially embedded economic activities. Lakota conceptions of time, born of their contemporary material conditions, are better understood when theoretical concepts of work and time are decolonized to remove the assumptions that emulating or opposing Euro-Americans is of central concern.

Pickering, M. (2004). "Experience as horizon: Koselleck, expectation and historical time." Cultural Studies 18(2): 271 - 289.cultural studies
future
futurity
Karl Mannheim
time as horizon
history
experiential time
Acceleration of time
temporal conflict
modernity
Separation from the past
Relevance: 2
Communication
time as symbolic resource
Social coordination
negotiation
Social structure
expectation
historical time
future orientation
homogenising present
changing perceptions of time
Acceleration of time
	This article explores and develops the concept of the horizon as a figurative and analytical device used to negotiate the relations between experience, everyday life and historical time. Its central focus is Reinhart Koselleckâ€™s application of the concept, though it also draws on the work of Karl Mannheim (through his distinction between conjunctive and communicative experience) and Raymond Williams (through his concept of structure of feeling) in order to add to and refine Koselleckâ€™s use of the term in examining the temporal structures of experience and expectation. Our sense of historical time is generated through the tensions between experience and expectation, everyday life and social process. These are, of course, historically variable and contingent. During the course of modernity and late modernity, experience and expectation have become increasingly divergent. Their separation has profoundly affected how we think about historical time in relation to everyday life and the span of a generation and a lifetime. It also turns the conception of history as historia magistra vitae on its head, with modernity increasingly forced to fund itself ethically out of its own transient present. The article discusses the main aspects of these changes and how they have altered the balance between the space and horizon of experience and expectation. It attends both to the need to examine historical concepts in terms of their various meanings and implications, and to the ways in which the particular concept of the horizon can help illuminate the consequences of accelerating time in the conditions of modernity and late modernity. The diminution of historical understanding in relation to everyday life is seen as among the most serious of these consequences.

Pierson, P. (2004). Politics in time: history, institutions, and social analysis. Princeton, Princeton University Press.history
political time
method: dynamic rather than static
politics
events
Processual
social time
social change
Temporality of academic work
Political science
Sociology
policy
economics
sequence
method: longitudinal analysis
Relevance: 2
organisational temporalities
time as missing element
critique of discipline
	This groundbreaking book represents the most systematic examination to date of the often-invoked but rarely examined declaration that "history matters." Most contemporary social scientists unconsciously take a "snapshot" view of the social world. Yet the meaning of social events or processes is frequently distorted when they are ripped from their temporal context. Paul Pierson argues that placing politics in time--constructing "moving pictures" rather than snapshots--can vastly enrich our understanding of complex social dynamics, and greatly improve the theories and methods that we use to explain them. Politics in Time opens a new window on the temporal aspects of the social world. It explores a range of important features and implications of evolving social processes: the variety of processes that unfold over significant periods of time, the circumstances under which such different processes are likely to occur, and above all, the significance of these temporal dimensions of social life for our understanding of important political and social outcomes. Ranging widely across the social sciences, Pierson's analysis reveals the high price social science pays when it becomes ahistorical. And it provides a wealth of ideas for restoring our sense of historical process. By placing politics back in time, Pierson's book is destined to have a resounding and enduring impact on the work of scholars and students in fields from political science, history, and sociology to economics and policy analysis.

Pink, S. (2007). "Sensing cittàslow: slow living and the constitution of the sensory city." Sense and Society 2(1): 59-77.deceleration of time
cities
Affect
Acceleration of time
critical temporalities
U.K.
experiential time
time as resource
Method: ethnography
Agriculture
Relevance: 2
	In 2004 Aylsham, Norfolk, became Britain's second Cittàslow Town (Slow City). Embedded within the slow living ideology of Cittàslow is the assumption that the "better" life it advocates involves heightened sensory experience and concomitant pleasure. In contrast to contemporary fast life, it wishes that "suitable doses of guaranteed sensual pleasure and slow, long-lasting enjoyment [may] preserve us from the contagion of the multitude who mistake frenzy for efficiency" (The Slow Food Companion 2005: 6). In the first part of the paper I analyze how the sensory elements of slow living are represented in the Cittàslow and related Slow Food movement's literature. Then, based on my ethnographic fieldwork centered on Aylsham's Cittàslow events and projects, I examine how the routine and creative sensory practices of the individuals who produce and participate in Cittàslow policies and activities are constitutive of a "sensory city." 

Porter, J. E. (2001). Alternative temporalities of revolution in the work of Walter Benjamin and Luce Irigaray. Philosophy. Warwick, University of Warwick. Ph.D.Revolution
philosophy
Benjamin
Irigaray
history
critical temporalities
historical time
hegel
nietzsche
Adorno
Agamben
narrative
social Change
conceptions of time
Relevance: 2
Agamben
Continental Philosophy
	"Every conception of history is invariably accompanied by a certain experience of time which is implicit in it, conditions it, and thereby has to be elucidated. Similarly, every culture is first and foremost a particular experience of time, and no new culture is possible without an alteration in this experience. The original task of a genuine revolution, therefore, is never merely to ‘change the world’ but also - and above all - to ‘change time’." (Giorgio Agamben, ‘Time and History: Critique of the Instant and the Continuum’, in Infancy and History: Essays on the Destruction of Experience, London, Verso,1993, p. 91). 

In this thesis I will be looking at the work of Walter Benjamin and Luce Irigaray as two examples of different attempts to ‘change time’ in the sense given by Giorgio Agamben above. I will be arguing that both of these thinkers theorise this ‘genuine revolution’. I will also be arguing that there are useful parallels in their work which will help to bring about a more productive thinking of the temporalities of history and revolution. The first part of the thesis consists of a reading of Benjamin’s revolutionary philosophy of history and a study of the temporalities that emerge from his critique of historicism. This also involves an investigation into both Hegel’s and Nietzsche’s influence on Benjamin’s thinking of time and history. His relationship to Hegel is explored through the nature of the dialectic at work in Benjamin’s texts as well as through the interpretations of these texts by Adorno and Agamben. Nietzsche’s influence is traced through the theme of tragedy. I compare and contrast Nietzsche’s thinking of tragedy with Benjamin’s thinking of Trauerspiel, and show the various conceptions of historical time at work in these forms. The second part of the thesis is then a reading of what I take to be Irigaray’s revolutionary philosophy of history.

Postill, J. (2002). "Clock and Calendar Time: A missing anthropological problem " Time & Society 11(2-3): 251-270.clock time
calendars
Anthropology
Standardisation
time zones
time as missing element
local time
Malaysia
Asia
critique of discipline
Relevance: 2
	The spread of clock and calendar time (CCT) from the North Atlantic region to the rest of the world is an understudied phenomenon. The second part of this article, based on anthropological fieldwork, examines the successful localization of CCT in a semi-rural area of Sarawak, in Malaysian Borneo. Before that, the article critically assesses some of the main anthropological studies of time to date, highlighting their inattention to CCT and suggesting that CCT is a subject full of interdisciplinary promise.

Postone, M. (1993). Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Marxism
labour time
power
inclusion/exclusion
critique of discipline
capitalism
industrialisation
social theory
Capitalism
time discipline
economics
Relevance: 2
	In this ambitious book, Moishe Postone undertakes a fundamental reinterpretation of Marx's mature critical theory. He calls into question many of the presuppositions of traditional Marxist analyses and offers new interpretations of Marx's central arguments. These interpretations lead him to a very different analysis of the nature and problems of capitalism and provide the basis for a critique of "actually existing socialism." According to this new interpretation, Marx identifies the central core of the capitalist system with an impersonal form of social domination generated by labor itself and not simply with market mechanisms and private property. Proletarian labor and the industrial production process are characterized as expressions of domination rather than as means of human emancipation. This reformulation relates the form of economic growth and the structure of social labor in modern society to the alienation and domination at the heart of capitalism. It provides the foundation for a critical social theory that is more adequate to late twentieth-century capitalism.

Pronovost, G. (1989). "The Diversity of Social Time: The Role of Institutions." Current Sociology 37(3): 37-62.social time
Sociology
methodology
history of changing perceptions of time
conceptions of time
temporal complexity
Multiple temporalities
organisational temporalities
temporal conflict
leisure time
families
education
Scheduling
labour time
Relevance: 2
	not available - from the text:  In the third chapter we will address the issue of the multiplicity and diversity of social times, since the sociologist is searching not for the time, but for various interconnected and often conflictual times. In this regard, we will have an important section on institutional time, i.e. that structured by leisure and cultural industries, and social institutions such as the family, school and workplace. 

Pronovost, G. (1989). "Social Time." Current Sociology 37(3): 1-98.social time
Sociology
methodology
temporality of academic work
history of changing perceptions of time
conceptions of time
temporal complexity
Multiple temporalities
Aging
class
life course
time reckoning
time management
Relevance: 2
	Not available - from the text:  At first glace it seems that time is a fleeting phenomenon, difficult to analyse, everywhere and nowhere at the same time...Even a quick review of the pertinant literature draws attention to the diversity of disciplinary perspectives for the study of time...Is it then impossible to construct a genuine sociology of time?...It is importatnt to begin by making a distinction between the temporal aspects implicity or explicity underlying the majority of sociological works, and those which take time as their object of study...the same remarks apply to sociological methods...our aim is rather ti present a synthesis of the sociological trandition which directly addresses the study of time, takes time as a primary field of research, or which suggests seminal ideas for the development of the sociology of time. Our approach is as follows: In the first chapter we will present an overview of early sociologists' reflections on the sociology of time...in the second chapter we will proposed a typology of the social conceptions and meanings of time in traditional societies, in the third.. the issue of the multiplicity and diversity of social times...in the fourth....a synthesis of knowledge about the diveristy of time patterns according to age group, life cycle and social class...the last chapter will be devoted to the measurement and management of time...a selective bibliography for each chapter can be found at the end of the issue.

Pronovost, G. (1989). "Time and Social Class." Current Sociology 37(3): 63-73.social time
Sociology
methodology
history of changing perceptions of time
conceptions of time
temporal complexity
Multiple temporalities
class
Relevance: 2
aging
life course
temporal inequality
	not available - from the text: In the fourth chapter we will present a synthesis of knowledge about the diversity of time patterns according to age group, life cycle and social class. In addition to the diversity of social time one must take into account a variety of situations and the importance of social inequalities with respect to time. 

Pronovost, G. (1989). "The Transformation of Social Time in Modern Societies." Current Sociology 37(3): 19-36.social time
Sociology
methodology
temporality of academic work
history of changing perceptions of time
conceptions of time
temporal complexity
Multiple temporalities
cultural variants of time
Relevance: 2
	in the second chapter we will propose a typology of the social conceptions and meanings of time in traditional societies, as as to be able to draw out the relativity of current conceptions of time when analysing the situation which prevails in contemporary societies. 

Pugh, S. (2002). The forgotten: A community without a generation - older lesbians and gay men. Handbook of lesbian and gay studies. D. Richardson and S. Seidman. London, Sage: 161-182.inclusion/exclusion
Sexuality
Queer temporalities
generations
Reproductive time
Queer theory
futurity
life course
Relevance: 2
Sociology
families
	abstract for article not available...  abstract for the collection: The creation of a new field of lesbian and gay studies over the past thirty years has been a fascinating project. This volume brings together key authors in the field in 26 major essays and provides a clear sense of just how much has been achieved. It is a guide to the state of the art, and invaluable for scholars throughout the world' - Ken Plummer, Professor of Sociology, University of Essex; and Editor of Sexualities `This book is unique in lesbian and gay studies. From politics to health, cyber-queers to queer families, the review essays in this volume cover all the important bases of GLB history and politics. The Introduction is a simple and accessible overview of the changing faces of theory and research over many decades. This book is bound to be an important resource in a burgeoning field' - Janice Irvine, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst `The Handbook of Gay and Lesbian Studies, assembled by two leading theorists of sexuality, makes available more than two dozen new cutting-edge essays in gay studies. Essential for social science scholars and students of gay/queer studies' - David F. Greenberg, Professor of Sociology, New York University

With this benchmark work, lesbian and gay studies comes of age. Drawing from a rich team of global contributors and carefully structured to elucidate the core issues in the field, it constitutes an unparalleled resource for teaching, research and debate. The volume is organized into 4 sections:

· History and Theory

This covers the roots of lesbian and gay studies, the institutionalization of the subject in the Academy, the 'naturalness' of heterosexuality, science and sexuality, the comparative sociology of homosexualities and the heterosexual/homosexual division.

· Identity and Community

This examines the formation of gay and lesbian identities communities and movements, 'cyber-queer' research, sexuality and space, generational issues in lesbian and gay lifecycles and the subject of bisexuality

· Institutions

This investigates questions of the governance of sexualities, lesbian and gay health, sexualities and education, religion and homosexuality, homosexuality and the law, gay and lesbian workers, homosexuality and the family, and lesbian, gay and queer encounters with the media and popular culture

· Politics

This explores the formation of the gay and lesbian movements, impact of globalization, antigay and lesbian violence, nationalism and transnationalism in lesbian and gay studies and sexual citizenship.

The result is an authoritative book that demarcates the field, stimulates critical discussion and provides lesbian and gay studies with an enriching focal reference point. It is, quite simply, a breakthrough work that will galvanize discussion and research for years to come.

Purser, R. E. and R. Hassan, Eds. (2007). 24/7: time and temporality in the network society. Stanford, Calif., Stanford Business Books.networks
Acceleration of time
Agency
action
embodiment
cinema
Cultural studies
Continuity over time
time management
online communities
Presence
Perception of time
Changing perceptions of time
Capitalism
Critical temporalities
organisational temporalities
Clock time
Relevance: 2
The internet
	New temporal perspectives in the "high-speed society" / Carmen Leccardi -- Network time / Robert Hassan -- Speed = distance/time : chronotopographies of action / Mike Crang -- Protocols and the irreducible traces of embodiment : the Viterbi algorithm and the mosaic of machine time / Adrian Mackenzie -- Truth at twelve thousand frames per second : The matrix and time-image cinema / Darren Tofts -- The fallen present : time in the mix / Andrew Murphie -- Stacking and continuity : on temporal regimes in popular culture / Thomas Hylland Eriksen -- Indifference of the networked presence : on time management of the self / Geert Lovink -- The presence of others : network experience as an antidote to the subjectivity of time / Jack Petranker -- CyberLack / David R. Loy -- Time robbers, time rebels : limits to fast capital / Ben Agger -- Finding time and place for trust in ICT network organizations / Hans Rämö -- The clock-time paradox : time regimes in the network society / Ida H. J. Sabelis.

Puwar, N. and K. Powar (2010). "Noise of the Past." Retrieved 1st August 2011, 2011, from http://www.gold.ac.uk/methods-lab/pastevents/noiseofthepast/.historical time
war
Memory
Communication
generations
inclusion/exclusion
Cinema
postcolonialism
Relevance: 2
art
sound
	'Noise of the Past' - a poetic journey of war, memory and dialogue through two inter-related works. Noise of the Past is a creative engagement with post-colonial histories of war, principally funded by the AHRC.

Quinby, R. (2011). Time and the Suburbs: The Politics of Built Environments and the Future of Dissent. Winnipeg, Arbeiter Ring.Cities
Social Change
USA
Canada
Urban communities
Sociology
Psychology
Geography
Standardisation
Unpredictibility
Relevance: 2
Urban communities
critical temporalities
homogenising present
Multiple temporalities
changing perceptions of time
	By combining provocative prose with photo-essay, Time and the Suburbs explores the disappearance of cities in North America under the weight of suburban, exurban, and other forms of development that are changing the way we live. Pointing to the complex experience of time in traditional cities, the book warns that our new suburban regions are the materialization of a homogenous and uniform experience of time that threatens the possibility of social change.

Rader, M. (1961). "Community in Time of Stress." University of Colorado Studies: Series in Philosophy 2(August): 83-98.Dewey
pragmatism
Philosophy
communities in crisis
method: dynamic rather than static
processual
Temporal vs spatial communities
non-homogeneous community
power
Shared future
Shared past
Relevance: 2
	This article is a study of John Dewey's concept of "community." According to Dewey, the term refers to a process rather than a locality. Its roots are personal rather than abstract and impersonal. it is based on free mutuality rather than like-mindedness, and it excludes exploitation or one-sided domination. it is perpetually in the making, and the individual's commitment to it is not simply retrospective but dynamic and forward-looking. the function of the state should be mainly to integrate and augment the various techniques of free associations. science and technology should be reoriented and increasingly directed toward the cultivation of intimate groups and free, cooperative individuals.

Radu, C. (2010). "Beyond border-dwelling: Temporalizing the border-space through events." Anthropological Theory 10(4): 409-433.Anthropology
time and space
borders
becoming
Method: dynamic rather than static
Actor-Network Theory
events
politics
methodology
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
processual
political time
temporal boundaries
	Drawing on the weak presence of problematizations of the spatial and temporal in some ethnographies of borders, this article advocates more attention to the border-space and ways in which it can be more effectively temporalized. It argues that it is not sufficient to recognize â€˜spaceâ€™ as an implicit characteristic of borders and advances an argument for seeing the border-space as â€˜becomingâ€™, in contrast to a largely agreed understanding of that space as â€˜dwellingâ€™. Using this distinction between two kinds of space with different possibilities of temporalization and politicization, the argument goes on with two theoretico-methodological scenarios for the border-space: the actor-network theory and Max Gluckmanâ€™s situational and processual analysis. It is argued that while the first imagines network and fluid spaces, coexistent with the regional ones, the latter offers a spatiotemporal genealogy of practices through events. Overall, the article opens a debate about seeing the border-space as â€˜becomingâ€™ by addressing a series of questions. Is the border-â€˜becomingâ€™ a fully spatiotemporal politics in which the state is not necessarily a central actor? Is this mode of ontologization played in great part by events set at different scales useful to the anthropology of borders?

Rao, V. N., V. Nārāyaṇarāvu, et al. (2003). Textures of time: writing history in South India. New York, Other Press LLC.Postcolonialism
India
History
temporal distancing
Coevalness
chronology
narrative
Relevance: 2
temporal distancing
myth
homogenising present
Asynchrony
Hinduism
literature
	Along with the clock and the railroad, did the British colonists bring the questionable gift of history to India? Generations of Western writers have claimed that historical consciousness did not exist in India before its conquest by the British at the end of the eighteenth century, assuming that Indians in pre-colonial times were indifferent to historical fact and approached their past through myth, legend, and story. Nearly a thousand years ago, the great scholar Al-Biruni complained that, "unfortunately, the Hindus do not pay much attention to the historical order of things. They are very careless in relating the chronological succession of kings, and when pressed for information ... invariably take to tale-telling." Until now this had been the received wisdom of the West, repeated with little variation by post-colonial historians. Textures of Time sets out not merely to disprove that idea, but to demonstrate through a brilliant blend of storytelling and scholarship the complex forms of history that were produced in South India between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Through a nuanced reading of the rich language of folk epic, courtly poetry, and prose narratives, the authors reveal a subtle but distinct divide between fact and fiction in South Indian writings and make a clear case for the existence of historical narrative in precolonial India.

Rau, H. (2002). "Time Divided – Time United?: Temporal aspects of German unification " Time & Society 11(2-3): 271-294.Germany
national time
nationalism
inclusion/exclusion
Multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
labour time
Method: ethnography
changing perceptions of time
relevance: 2
Asynchrony
perception of time
	To illuminate the persisting division between East and West Germany, this article explores temporal aspects of East German culture and their impact on German unification. Arguing that approaches to GDR time in the contemporary literature border on oversimplification, the article focuses on different layers of time in East Germany. It also deals with possible time-related sources of conflict between East and West Germans, such as contradictory temporal work practices. On the basis of ethnographic and documentary evidence, the article argues that ordinary members of the German public may be more subtly aware of clashes in time cultures than this literature suggests.

Rawls, A. W. (2005). "Garfinkel’s Conception of Time." Time & Society 14(2-3): 163-190.Sequence
action
Garfinkel
individual time
social time
communities of practice
Communication
temporal ordering
Relevance: 2
Social structure
time as missing element
	Garfinkel articulates a significant conception of time - as situated and sequential - that works in tandem with his rendering of social order in terms of situated practices. However, because his treatment of the actor, action, group and time in situated terms differs significantly from more conventional theoretical approaches, critics have often mistakenly interpreted Garfinkel as focused on the individual, and indifferent to the significance of social structures, and their relations through time. What Garfinkel focuses on are practices, not individuals, and he argues that practices constitute the essential foundations of social structure. Given this view, the time dimension of practice is the significant time dimension for any study of communication and/or social order, which are both constituted in and through situations defined by mutual orientation toward practice.

Raybeck, D. (1992). "The Coconut-Shell Clock: Time and Cultural Identity " Time & Society 1(3): 323-340.clock time
identity
Malaysia
Asia
rural communities
in/commensurability between times
coordinating between different times
cultural variants of time
conceptions of time
Punctuality
social cohesion
temporal conflict
Anthropology
Relevance: 2
Asynchrony
Solidarity
time reckoning
	Kelantanese peasants of the Malay Peninsula maintain a traditional agrarian culture that treats time inexactly and as of less importance than many social considerations. Kelantanese are conscious of their lax treatment of time compared to western models and this consciousness furthers their awareness of their cultural identity. In addition to the issue of cultural identity, this paper examines those situations in which Kelantanese punctuality and temporal exactitude are regularly subordinated to social concerns, especially those having to do with the avoidance of conflict and the maintenance of village solidarity.

Rezsohaz, R. (1972). "The concept of social time: Its role in development." International Social Science Journal 24(1): 26-36.social time
Development
Sociology
social Change
changing perceptions of time
conceptions of time
cultural variants of time
Progress
Methodology
history
Relevance: 2
	not available - from the text:  ...In a recently published book I have dealt precisely with the question of how the various factors in the development process, chiefly of an economic and cultural nature, actually fit into development (this being the major form taken today by social change). However in order to avoid a maze of theoretical generalisations, I have confined my study to the relationship between growth and one cultural factor, social time. What are the changes in temporal conceptions and behaviour which precede economic development and help to set it in motion? How are they induced? and what are the temporal changes which are brought about during, and as a result of, economic development? 
It was impossible for me to answer these questions without first investigating the relationships between the different dimensions of the concept of social time and the different elements in the progress of growth, taking as a framework the most significant social relations...at the present time in countires at different stages of development, and in the past, over the history of a single society... 

Rhee, M. (2007). "The Time Relevance of Social Capital." Rationality and Society 19(3): 367-389.social capital
networks
Class
Method: surveys
Technology
change over time
organisational temporalities
Management
Relevance: 2
inclusion/exclusion
Method: social network analysis
	This article examines how the time relevance of social capital from social networks affects upward mobility. An analysis of survey data from 229 employees in a high-technology workplace shows that the effects of position-related networks (measured by network size and density) on promotion are affected by the temporal distribution of ties (measured by whether a tie was formed before or after an employee's positional change), while the effects of person-related networks are insensitive to temporal effects. The results support a necessary emphasis on the time-contingent value of social capital. I conclude with a discussion of the implications of the findings for organization theories and network theories.

Ricoeur, P. (2004). Memory, History, Forgetting. London and Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Collective memory
history
forgetting
events
Asynchrony
narrative
Perception of time
Phenomenology
Philosophy
Knowledge
temporality of academic work
Relevance: 2
invention of tradition
Aristotle
Kant
Halbwachs
Responsibility
Ricoeur
	Why do major historical events such as the Holocaust occupy the forefront of the collective consciousness, while profound moments such as the Armenian genocide, the McCarthy era, and France's role in North Africa stand distantly behind? Is it possible that history "overly remembers" some events at the expense of others? A landmark work in philosophy, Paul Ricoeur's Memory, History, Forgetting examines this reciprocal relationship between remembering and forgetting, showing how it affects both the perception of historical experience and the production of historical narrative. Memory, History, Forgetting, like its title, is divided into three major sections. Ricoeur first takes a phenomenological approach to memory and mnemonical devices. The underlying question here is how a memory of present can be of something absent, the past. The second section addresses recent work by historians by reopening the question of the nature and truth of historical knowledge. Ricoeur explores whether historians, who can write a history of memory, can truly break with all dependence on memory, including memories that resist representation. The third and final section is a profound meditation on the necessity of forgetting as a condition for the possibility of remembering, and whether there can be something like happy forgetting in parallel to happy memory. Throughout the book there are careful and close readings of the texts of Aristotle and Plato, of Descartes and Kant, and of Halbwachs and Pierre Nora.

A momentous achievement in the career of one of the most significant philosophers of our age, Memory, History, Forgetting provides the crucial link between Ricoeur's Time and Narrative and Oneself as Another and his recent reflections on ethics and the problems of responsibility and representation. 

Rigney, A. (2011). "Embodied Communities: Commemorating Robert Burns, 1859." Representations 115(1): 71-101.literature
Communication
Technology
history
Shared present
Commemorative events
nationalism
Simultaneity
Anderson
Relevance: 2
embodiment
Suspensions of everyday time
Memory
	The centenary celebrations of Robert Burns on January 25, 1859, took the form of more than eight hundred meetings across the English-speaking world at which participants celebrated both the memory of the poet and, especially through the use of the telegraph, their own present-day inter-connectedness. This article situates this extraordinary event within the larger context of the nineteenth-century culture of artistic commemorations and uses the case to critically reexamine the view of literature's role in nation building that has been generally accepted since Anderson's influential Imagined Communities (1983).

Roche, M. (2003). "Mega-events, Time and Modernity: On Time Structures in Global Society " Time & Society 12(1): 99-126.Commemorative events
Modernity
globalisation
periodicity
social time
Synchronicity
Sports events
international Relations
Relevance: 2
global present
public and private time
time as symbolic
Suspensions of everyday time
	This article addresses the relation between `mega-events' and time in modern society. `Mega-events', or international cultural and sport events such as the Olympic Games and World's Fairs, have an `extra-ordinary' status by virtue of their very large scale and their periodicity. Mega-event genres have had an enduring mass popularity in modernity since their creation in the late 19th century and continue to do so in a period of globalization. Drawing on recent analysis of mega-events the article suggests that this popularity derives from the significant positive and adaptive roles they continue to play in relation to the interpersonal and public structuring of time.

Rodríguez, S. (1998). "Fiesta Time and Plaza Space: Resistance and Accommodation in a Tourist Town." The Journal of American Folklore 111(439): 39-56.commemorative events
Heritage
Relevance: 2
identity
USA
suspensions of everyday time
folklore
tourism
Ritual
invention of tradition
power
meaning
	This article describes the Taos, New Mexico, summer fiesta of Santiago and Santa Ana as a living ritual event and considers the voices of participants and opponents of the festival. My analysis shows how the fiesta enacts collective and individual identities while staging a moment of communitas. This invented tradition expresses resistance as well as accommodation to the conditions and structures of power within which the celebration takes place and constructs meaning.

Romanow, R. F. (2006). The postcolonial body in queer space and time. Newcastle, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Queer temporalities
postcolonialism
literature
Continental Philosophy
Relevance: 2
Critical temporalities
western imperialism
life course
U.K.
Diaspora
embodiment
normativity
race
Gender
Sexuality
Subjectivity
foucault
Deleuze
Negri
Bhabha
Agamben
Halberstam
Queer theory
Migration
	The Postcolonial Body in Queer Space and Time examines the ways in which the notion of the postcolonial correlates to Judith Halberstam's idea of queer space and time, the non-normative path of Western lifestyles and hegemonies. Emphasizing authors from Africa and Southeast Asia in the diaspora in London from the mid-1960s through 1990, the reading of both postcolonial lands and subjects as "queer counterproductive" space reveals a depiction of bodies in these texts as located in and performing queer space and time, redefining and relocating the understanding of the postcolonial.The first wave of postcolonial literature produced by diasporics presents the body as the site where the non-normative is performed, revealing the beginnings of a corporeal resistance to the re-colonization of the diasporic individual residing in England from the Wilson through the Thatcher regimes. This study emphasizes the ways in which early postcolonial literature embodies and encounters the topics of race, gender and sexuality, proving that a rejection of subjectifying processes through the representation of the body has always been present in diasporic postcolonial literature. Reading through postcolonial theory as well as the works of Foucault, Deleuze and Guattari, Hardt and Negri, Homi Bhabha, and Giorgio Agamben, as well as Halberstam and queer theory, The Postcolonial Body in Queer Space and Time discusses the poetry and journals of Arthur Nortje, Hanif Kureishi's The Buddha of Suburbia and his film Sammy and Rosie Get Laid, and Tayeb Salih's Season of Migration to the North, tracing a geographic arc from homeland to London to the return to the homeland, traveling through the queer space and time of the postcolonial.

Rose, D. B. (2000). "To dance with time: A Victoria River Aboriginal study." The Australian Journal of Anthropology 11(3): 287-296.indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
Australia
music
Rhythms
perception of time
ecology
dance
social time
Affect
Ritual
Becoming
Relevance: 2
Anthropology
	Drawing on research with Aboriginal people in the Victoria River District of Australian, this paper explores time in patterns of motion and pause. Taking Cath Ellis's insight that some Aboringal muscians possses a faculty of 'perfect time', and that the meshing of rhythms and other patterns in music has the effect of altering perceptions and understandings of time, I explore rhythmic patterns in four domains - nomodology, ecology, dance and cosmology. I suggest that the cosmogonic and temporal effects of rhythm in motion are capable of becoming performative events becuase they link the rhythms of ecological, social and ritual domains. Such events implicate the ephemeral motion and temporality of the world in a continuing flow of becoming, and implicate the continuity of flow in the actions of the ephemeral. 

Rose, D. B. (2008). "On history, trees, and ethical proximity." Postcolonial Studies 11(2): 157-167.history
ethics
More-than-human communities
Critical temporalities
Counter traditions
indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
Australia
colonialism
communication
narrative
Levinas
historiography
Relevance: 2
Anthropology
	Ashis Nandy urges us, in his essay ‘History's Forgotten Doubles’, to consider alternative modes of engaging with the past. I take up his inspiring challenge in relation to my long-term research with Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory of Australia. Through an examination of several short stories that connect past, present and future, I consider an Indigenous critique of colonising damage and destruction. Nandy suggests that ‘each ahistorical culture is so in its own unique style’. The effort to engage with an ahistorical culture on its own terms requires me to provide a certain amount of understanding of key cultural facts, and an understanding of story structure and intention. With that analysis in place, I then offer an account of a story in context. This story (within a story) moves me to a consideration of the prophetic voice and its capacity to expose ethical proximity through vulnerability. Drawing on the work of Emmanuel Levinas and James Hatley, in particular, I argue for a historiography that is both other-wise and Earth-wise.

Rosenthal, S. B. and P. L. Bourgeois (1991). Mead and Merleau-Ponty: Toward a Common Vision. Albany, SUNY Press.Philosophy
G.H. Mead
pragmatism
Merleau-Ponty
Relevance: 2
action
	This book unites George Herbert Mead and Maurice Merleau-Ponty in a shared rejection of substance philosophy as well as spectator theory of knowledge, in favor of a focus on the ultimacy of temporal process and the constitutive function of social praxis. Both Mead and Merleau-Ponty return to the richness of lived experience within nature, and both lead to radically new, insightful visions of the nature of selfhood, language, freedom, and time itself, as well as of the nature of the relation between the so-called "tensions" of appearance and reality, sensation and object, the individual and the community, freedom and constraint, and continuity and creativity.

Rowe, S. and J. Wolch (1990). "Social Networks in Time and Space: Homeless Women in Skid Row, Los Angeles." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 80(2): 184-204.Geography
women
networks
time and space
poverty
USA
Break in time
identity
inclusion/exclusion
temporal ordering
Method: ethnography
Anthropology
Relevance: 2
home
trajectories
Method: social network analysis
	Social networks operate within a specific time-space fabric. This paper develops a theoretical framework for understanding the role of social networks among the homeless. The concept of time-space discontinuity is offered as a way to conceptualize the impacts of homelessness on social network formation, daily paths, life paths, personal identity and self-esteem. Ethnographic research among homeless women in Skid Row, Los Angeles is used to illustrate the theoretical framework. Results indicate that homeless women develop both peer and “homed'’social networks as a means of coping with their circumstances and reestablishing time-space continuity. Network relationships can also serve as substitutes for place-based stations in the daily path such as home and work. The characteristics of social networks and daily time-space paths appear to have affected the identities and self-esteem of the homeless women.

Ruggie, J. G. (1998). Social time and ecodemographic contexts. Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalisation. J. G. Ruggie. New York, Routledge: 155-171.social time
organisational temporalities
international politics
politics
international Relations
Political time
national time
Agency
relevance: 2
	not available - from the back cover of the collection: 
Constructing the World Polity brings together in one collection the theoretical ideas of one of the most influential International Relations theorists of our time. These essays, with a new introduction, and comprehensive connective sections, present Ruggie's ideas and their application to critical policy questions of the post-Cold War international order. Themes covered include:
* International Organization. How the 'new Institutionalism' differs from the old.
* The System of States. Explorations of political structure, social time, and territorial space in the world polity.
* Making History. America and the issue of 'agency' in the post-Cold War era. NATO and the future transatlantic security community. The United Nations and the collective use of force.

Rummel, R. J. (1972). "Social Time and International Relations." General Systems 17: 145-158.social time; international Relations; Sociology; time as missing element; Critique of discipline; non-linear time; method: dynamic rather than static; time as all encompassing; Multiple temporalities; social time; relevance: 2; time as missing element; Asynchrony; methodology;
	In social science theorizing and empirical analysis, time has been treated as an absolute continuum along which all events and entities existing at the same time have the same temporal status. The purpose of the paper is to help alter the dependence on this singular view of time by incorporating in a field theory of international relations the notions of subjective (social) and multidimensional time.

Rutz, H. J., Ed. (1992). The Politics of Time. Washington, American Anthopological Association.sociology
power
time as tool for political legitimation
politics
Relevance: 2
political time
time as tool for managing percieved threats
time as symbolic resource
politics of time
conceptions of time
Multiple temporalities
coordinating between different times
cultural variants of time
	The unifying idea of this collection is that time is an object of power relations. Contributors are concerned with different forms of objectification and, more especially, with contests of power that shape time as both concept and resource.

Saidi, H. (2008). "When the Past Poses Beside the Present: Aestheticising Politics and Nationalising Modernity in a Postcolonial Time." Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 6(2): 101-119.Tourism; Cultural studies; social Change; Past in the present; modernity; nationalism; Postcolonialism; Africa; Deleuze; narrative; cinema; media; heritage; identity; Relevance: 2; national time; politics
	This article focuses on the Tunisian government's tourist promotion policies during the 1990s. It takes a Deleuzian perspective, using the notion of crystalline narration developed by the author of The Time-Image. I will emphasise the idea of coalescence between past and present as revealed in the advertising images of the period where heritage objects appear among other contemporary objects. In fact, I will draw on a corpus of short films and commercials produced by the Tunisian tourism bureau to be broadcast both inside and outside the country. My analysis will focus on the ways in which actors in the fields of politics and tourism use these objects for media purposes, targeting both Tunisians and foreign tourists to whom they strive to hold up a crystal-image of Tunisia. This image is shored up by a political discourse put forward by a state that wishes to appear both to its citizens and to others as reconciling past and present. The crystal metaphor evokes a narrative mode in which heritage is likened to the glittering of scattered crystals and Tunisian identity seems to emerge from the ‘mists of time’ with sparkling refractions on ‘tips of the present’.

Sanadjian, M. (1995). "Temporality of "Home" and Spatiality of Market in Exile: Iranians in Germany." New German Critique 64: 3-36.home; Migration; Germany; Iran; inclusion/exclusion; narrative; Critical temporalities; Tradition; in/commensurability between times; time and space; temporal conflict; Multiple temporalities; Relevance: 2; political community; Middle East
	not avialable - from the text: The temporal aspect of the Iranian exiles is not abolished, but subor-dinated to the terrain of German civil society and the way the political community articulates the latter. The exiles' deployment of narrative and non-narrative modes of constructing their presence within the pri-vate and public domains correspond to their shifting temporality and spatiality of presence. Corresponding with this shifting mode of presence-constructionw as the exiles' alternating emphasis on their loss and its denial. As a result, they regularly embarked on "inclusion" and "exclusion" in and from the "host" German society.67 The tension arising out of deployment of the concomitant but incompatible modes rendered the space in exile less objectifiable: more "paranoid."Thus, the Iranian exiles' construction of their ethnicity can be said to be "old," that is, based on a close relationship between "identity and being," a firm distinction between "the self and the other."68 It can equally be described as a "new" ethnicity in the sense of being in a process of "splitting."69 Iranian ethnicity deploys the alternatings trategies of Tra-dition and Translation to emphasize the continuity and discontinuity in reproduction of displacement.70 The attempt to resolve the tension between the signifier (home) and the signified (history and space) char-acteristic of the exiles' displaced life, is made when they adopt a strat-egy for survival by allocating the signifier a spatially designated area and deferring it in the public domain. As long as the exiles can with-stand the pressure inherent in this Janus-faced life, they continue, aided by alcohol and drugs, to alternate between deconstructing and recon-tructing their homelessness 

Santiso, J. (1998). "The Fall into the Present: The Emergence of Limited Political Temporalities in Latin America " Time & Society 7(1): 25-54.political time
politics
Latin America
Democracy
social change
change over time
Political science
Changing perceptions of time
futurity
present
homogenising present
time as horizon
democratic present
Relevance: 2
time allocation
Unpredictibility
	Studies on democratization have approached the question of time from the perspective of both representation and allocation. They invite political science, and the social sciences in general, to further address the temporal dimension and the issue of time in processes of political change. From this perspective, democratizations can be described as critical moments for the reconfiguration of time perceptions and temporal representations, moments in which the future is both uncertain and temporally limited. In this sense, from the East to the South, we are witnessing a sharp `fall' into the democratic present and a refocusing of politics on concepts such as `Democracy' and `the Market'. What we call the `fall into the present' refers to the presentist focus of politics and the extra-ordinary re-evaluation of the present in the modern era: the present becomes omnipresent and overrules both the past and the future as the referential horizon of politics. The changing nature of the perception of time is particularly acute in Latin America, where the future is being replaced by the present as the focal point of politics.

Sapontzis, S. F. (1978). "Community in 'Being and Time'." Kant-Studien 69(3): 330-340.Heidegger
Philosophy
Continental Philosophy
Relevance: 2
	This paper presents a critical study of Heideggers analysis of Community in Being and Time. First, I delineate three stages in this analysis and the reasons for moving from the first to the second and third of these stages. The main body of the paper is then devoted to a two-part, critical discussion. First, I consider the cogency of Heidegger's reasons for moving from his earlier characterization of Community to his later characterizations of it. Second, problems within the third stage are considered.

Schaap, A. (2007). The Time of Reconciliation and the Space of Politics. Law and the Politics of Reconciliation. S. Veitch. Aldershot, Ashgate: 9-31.law
politics
Forgiveness
Relevance: 2
time and space
Australia
open future
non-linear time
shared past
political time
Asynchrony
indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
Assumptions about time obscuring x
imagined futures
philosophy
	not available. for the book itself: This collection of essays by an international group of authors explores the ways in which law and legal institutions are used in countries coming to terms with traumatic pasts and, in some cases, traumatic presents. In putting to question what is often taken for granted in uncritical calls for reconciliation, it critically analyses and frequently challenges the political and legal assumptions underlying discourses of reconciliation. Drawing on a broad spectrum of disciplinary and interdisciplinary insights the authors examine how competing conceptions of law, time, and politics are deployed in social transformations and how pressing demands for reconstruction, reconciliation, and justice inform and respond to legal categories and their use of time.The book is genuinely interdisciplinary, drawing on work in politics, philosophy, theology, sociology and law. It will appeal to a wide audience of researchers and academics working in these areas.

Scheuerman, W. E. (2004). Liberal Democracy and the Social Acceleration of Time. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press.Democracy
Acceleration of time
USA
Political science
Technology
time as tool for political legitimation
temporal conflict
political time
Critical temporalities
Asynchrony
Relevance: 2
coordinating between different times
Social coordination
media
	The pace of American society has quickened exponentially since the Founding Fathers first mapped the constitution. Information travels at the speed of light; so does money. We can hop from one side of the country to the other in a matter of hours, contact our elected officials instantaneously, and share our views with thousands of people at the touch of a button. Both academia and the popular media have grappled with the consequences of this acceleration on every aspect of contemporary life. Most pressing, however, may be its impact on political life. In Liberal Democracy and the Social Acceleration of Time, William Scheuerman offers a sophisticated assessment of the implications of social and technological celerity in the operation of liberal democracies. Specifically, he asks what is acceleration's main impact on the traditional liberal democratic model of the separation of powers?  According to Scheuerman, high speed has created an imbalance. The executive branch was intended to react with dispatch; by contrast, legislatures and the courts were designed to be more deliberate and thoughtful. While this system of checks and balances was effective in the age of horse and buggy, Scheuerman argues that the very features that were these institutions' strengths may now be a liability. Throughout this book, Scheuerman offers a constructive critique which articulates ways in which "liberal democracy might be recalibrated in accordance with the tempo of modern society."

Schlesinger, P. (1977). "Newsmen and Their Time-Machine." The British Journal of Sociology 28(3): 336-350.sociology
news
communication
time as missing element
U.K.
method: participant observation
Acceleration of time
perception of time
pace
sequence
Duration
time as symbolic resource
time scarcity
professionalism
Forgetting
Relevance: 2
time as horizon
	The production of news is an important part of contemporary cultural and social life. Much has been written about the 'news values' (occupational knowledge) of newsmen, and of their role in the construction of a picture of reality. The starting point of the argument here is that one key set of concepts--those which relate to time--have so far been missing from the account. The broad intention, therefore, is to remedy an oversight in recent sociological work. The paper begins by locating the B.B.C. newsmen studied (through direct observation in the London newsrooms) as members of a time-conscious Western culture. It then argues that the structure of competition which defines news as a perishable commodity demands a production structure geared to the value of 'immediacy' and to the temporal horizons of a daily cycle. We find, on investigation, that an acute consciousness of the passage of time invades the very details of the broadcasting newsman's work. The newsman's language displays fine conceptual distinctions regarding time which show how significant is the temporal dimension of his work. Further, certain concepts, notably 'pace', 'sequence', 'duration', are used in the framing of news as a cultural form. Lastly, the paper argues that for newsmen the mastery of time-pressure is a way of manifesting their professionalism. It closes by drawing attention to the way in which 'news' as presently conceived tends to abolish an historical awareness.

Schmitter, P. C. and J. Santiso (1998). "Three Temporal Dimensions to the Consolidation of Democracy." International Political Science Review 19(1): 69-93.democracy
Political science
Method: comparative analysis
sequence
temporal ordering
Rhythms
methodology
Method: dynamic rather than static
Relevance: 2
time as missing element
political theory
timing
	The study of democratization, more than most fields of comparative political inquiry, should be sensitive to the time factor. When something happens, as well as in what order and with what rhythm, can be even more important in determining the outcome than whether something happens or what happens. As “transitologists” and “consolidologists” have moved away from structural determinants of democracy toward a more process- and actor-oriented approach, they have also had to become more explicit about different dimensions of temporality. In this article, we explore three of them: time, timing and tempo.

Schrader, S. L., M. L. Nelson, et al. (2009). "Changes in end-of-life attitudes and actions over time: one community in 2004-2005." South Dakota Medicine: The journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association 62(10): 395-9.aging
life course
health care
Sociology
Method: longitudinal analysis
Method: quantitative
Method: questionnaires
change over time
action
meaning
Death & dying
USA
imagined futures
Relevance: 2
	INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this research is to explore changes in end-of-life (EOL) attitudes and actions among Sioux Falls, South Dakota, residents between August 2004 and August 2005. METHODS: Questionnaires were sent to 5000 randomly selected Sioux Falls households (2004) and to 10,000 South Dakota households (2005), where a subset from the city allowed researchers to compare Sioux Falls residents' attitudes and actions over time. Data were entered into the computer using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and bivariate analyses were conducted using Chi Square, where p < or = .05 was used to assess statistical significance. RESULTS: Compared to the 2004 sample, respondents in 2005 were more likely to have taken actions to ensure their EOL preferences were honored, knew more about hospice and were more polarized in their views about EOL care. Consistencies in EOL preferences were also revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal analysis suggests that public discussion of EOL issues makes a difference in the public's attitudes and actions. Implications for future research are discussed.

Schütz, A. and T. Luckmann (1974). The Structures of the Life-World. London, Heinemann.phenomenology
philosophy
social structure
Relevance: 2
Schutz
Continental Philosophy
	not available

Schwartz, B. (1974). "Waiting, Exchange, and Power: The Distribution of Time in Social Systems." The American Journal of Sociology 79(4): 841-870.Sociology
Temporal conflict
temporal inequality
inclusion/exclusion
power
time use
waiting
boredom
time allocation
time scarcity
Relevance: 2
social structure
Social coordination
etiquette
	So far as it limits productive uses of time, waiting generates distinct social and personal costs. The purpose of this paper is to explore the way these costs are distributed throughout a social structure and to identify the principles to which this allocation gives expression. The main proposition of our analysis is that the distribution of waiting time coincides with the distribution of power. This proposition is based on the assumption that an individual's power reflects the scarcity of the goods or skills he possesses; accordingly, the relationship between a server and client may be characterized in terms of organized dependency, for which waiting (under certain conditions) provides an accurate index. However, if delay is related to the client's position in a power network, then he may show deference to a server by an expressed willingness to wait, or a server may confirm or enhance his own status by deliberately causing him to wait. Secondary interactional modes thus come to subserve a relationship originally grounded in a supply-demand structure. The broader implications of this correlation allow us to characterize stratification systems in terms of the apportionment of time as well as the distribution of other kinds of resources.

Schwartz, B. (1978). "The Social Ecology of Time Barriers." Social Forces 56(4): 1203-1220.waiting
health care
temporal inequality
social time
power
inclusion/exclusion
temporal boundaries
race
Class
Poverty
time and space
time use
Time allocation
status
Relevance: 2
	The purpose of this inquiry is to determine how access and delay are distributed throughout the social structure. Data from a national survey of health care practices and costs confirm the conventional assumption, which is derived from a simple exchange model, that delay in doctors' offices is inversely related to income. However, the data also show that the poor, with or without appointments, wait longer at private offices as well as clinics, and that blacks wait longer than whites regardless of their income, appointment status, or source of care. Further analysis suggests that income and race are associated with waiting time because concentrations of family doctors are centered in the most affluent sectors of the white community. At the core of these concentrations, doctors compete for clients; at the periphery, clients compete for doctors. Separate race and income effects on delay exist because residential segregation by income and race are independently superimposed on one another. The ecological distribution of service units thus affects the time costs of their clientele. This fact is one manifestation of the overarching linkage between class, status, time, and space.

Secomb, L. (2002). Haunted Community. The Politics of Community. M. Strysick, Davies Group: 131-150.Derrida
politics
political community
Continental Philosophy
Philosophy
non-homogeneous community
Past in the present
Critical temporalities
Colonialism
Forgiveness
Relevance: 2
indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
Australia
	not available

Secomb, L. (2003). "Interrupting Mythic Community." Cultural Studies Review 9(1): 85-100.Relevance: 2
Continental Philosophy
Jean-Luc Nancy
non-homogeneous community
myth
Colonialism
Past in the present
commemorative events
cultural studies
	not available

Selman, R. (2003). "Of Time and Montessori: Kairos and Chronos." Montessori Life 15(2): 11-12.education
chronos/kairos
temporal conflict
scheduling
children/youth
Market time
coordinating between different times
time reckoning
imagined pasts
Relevance: 2
organisational temporalities
	In Montessori education, freedom of movement and freedom of choice are not hampered by artificial blocks of time. In modern industrialized societies, a high value is placed on the measured time that drives commercial and economic systems. From the moment of birth, the child's need for freedom of movement and freedom of choice time conflicts with the adult measured time world of schedules. The Montessori classroom allows children to live in the world before humans started measuring time and allows them to span the gap to the digital world at their own pace and in their own way.

Seyfang, G. (2004). "Working outside the box: Community currencies, time banks and social inclusion." Journal of Social Policy 33(1): 49-71.time banking
economics
labour time
inclusion/exclusion
policy
U.K.
volunteering
Relevance: 2
time allocation
time as resource
Social capital
community engagement
citizenship
	A conceptual framework is developed for analysing UK social policy with respect to work, employment, inclusion and income. A range of possibilities for 'productive engagement in work' (PEW) outside the home are identified, ranging from formal employment, through informal employment, working for local community currencies, to unpaid voluntary work, each attracting particular policy responses, according to the hegemonic discourse of social exclusion, namely a liberal individualistic model which sees insertion into the labour market as the solution to exclusion. A new initiative is examined which is increasingly being adopted by local authorities in their efforts to tackle social exclusion and build social capital, namely 'time banks': a type of community currency which rewards people in time credits for the work they put into their neighbourhoods. Time banks are found to occupy a space in between what is already known about informal employment, LETS (Local Exchange Trading Schemes) and volunteering, raising a number of issues for policy makers and practitioners. While time banks may be promoted within the UK government's social inclusion remit as a means of increasing job-readiness through volunteering, they have wider and deeper implications. They represent a response to a radical social democratic understanding of social exclusion and hence exert a collective effort to redefine what is considered 'valuable work', and thus present an alternative to hegemonic paradigms of work and welfare; their greatest potential is as a radical tool for collective social capital building, resulting in more effective social, economic and political citizenship, and hence social inclusion. Policy recommendations are made to enable time banks to flourish and provide a powerful tool for achieving social inclusion objectives.

Seyfang, G. and K. Smith (2002). The Time Of Our  Lives: Using time banking  for neighbourhood  renewal and  community capacity building. London, New Economics Foundation.time banking
community development
regeneration
economics
Urban communities
Relevance: 2
	A summary of the two-year evaluation of time banks in the UK, carried out by Dr Gill Seyfang at the University of East Anglia with the assistance of Time Banks UK, and funded by
the Economic and Social Research Council.

Shapiro, M. J. (2000). "National Times and Other Times: Re-thinking Citizenship." Cultural Studies 14(1): 79-98.nationalism
politics
political community
citizenship
time and space
history
shared past
Break in time
Multiple temporalities
Temporal conflict
literary theory
Israel
time as tool for political legitimation
political time
Political theory
national time
Shared present
critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
asynchrony
Meaning
literature
cultural diversity
Judaism
women's time
gender
historical time
homogenising present
literary theory
coordinating between different times
Middle East
Kristeva
Cultural Studies
	Citizenship is a temporal as well as spatial phenomenon. While it conceptually located in a legal, territorial entity, within which it is associated with the privileges of sovereignty and the rights of individuals, it is also understood is terms of the historical process by which peoples develop shared characteristics. However, the attempt to code citizenship interms of shared cultural backgrounds belies the ways in which citizen-subjects are temporally disjunctive. Beginning with attention to the way some writing practices challenge the state system's monopoly over the meaning of citizen presence in time and space, this essay turns to a reading of an Israeli woman's novelistic treatment of a geographically and culturally diverse Jewish family, whose characteristics challenge the State of Israel's myth of national homogeneity. Ronit Matalon's, The One Facing Us, which juxtaposes a version of what Julia Kristeva calls 'women's time' with the historical time of the state, restores the diverse forms of co-presence that are denied in the discourses of nation-state legitimation. Her novel, along with the other genres treated in this analysis, encourages an understanding of politics that resists the identity-fixing effect of a state-oriented model of political space and the homogenizing of the temporal presence of citizen-subjects. More generally, the writing performances treated in this essay cast political interaction as a continuous negotiation of co-presence among those with diverse ways of being-in-time.

Shaw, J. (1994). "Punctuality and the Everyday Ethics of Time: Some Evidence from the Mass Observation Archive " Time & Society 3(1): 79-97.punctuality
ethics
Sociology
inclusion/exclusion
Method: qualitative
Method: archives
Gender
aging
labour time
Class
social time
Time as symbolic
Relevance: 2
Social structure
etiquette
archives
solidarity
Durkheim
	A taken-for-granted aspect of everyday life is that people are usually punctual. This norm is so well established that a common sense understanding of unpunctuality as a personality defect prevails in the social science literature. Drawing on qualitative and experiential data from the Mass Observation Archive, this paper argues that punctuality is less a matter of individual virtue and more one of age, gender and work situation. It proposes that a close study of these differentiating `surface' conditions leads back to more fundamental questions of social structure and solidarity. The sentiments underlying the norm demanding unconditional punctuality correspond to, and may be a legacy of, the `mechanical solidarity' that Durkheim stressed underpinned even the most complex and advanced societies.

Sherover, C. M. (1989). Time, Freedom, and the Common Good: An Essay in Public Philosophy. Albany, SUNY Press.political time
Relevance: 2
philosophy
Political philosophy
politics
Phenomenology
Pragmatism
normativity
politics
critical temporalities
Belonging
Josiah Royce
Aristotle
Charles Sherover
Continental Philosophy
	Not available - from review (http://www.interpretationjournal.com/backissues/Vol_18-2.pdf): Contemporary political life, marked by conflicting claims to entitlement, requires clear normative principles for evaluating these claims. Yet few contemporary philosophers outside the province of the Left have advanced a systematically worked out, comprehensive view of our social being rigorous enough to function as an ontological framework for making such evaluations. Professor Sherover goes far in accomplishing this. Time, Freedom, and the Common Good is a carefully conceived and tightly argued work and may well be foundational for current political debates. Drawing from the phenomenological and pragmatic traditions, Sherover presents an "authentic descriptive understanding" of our actual social being centered on what he calls the "three principles of polity," i.e., the existential categories of our actual social life. This descriptive task comprises the first section of the book. The second part sets out some of the normative criteria which flow from these categories, and a last section, "The Discipline of Freedom," takes up specific issues in contemporary public policy, including an agenda to be discharged and an appropriate method to be used for evaluating social programs if we are genuinely to pursue a common good. 

Sherover puts forth three categories which he takes to be constitutive of our social being: membership, temporality, and freedom. These are derived in several ways: as a thoughtful appropriation from our political heritage as grounded in the Greeks, through a phenomenological, i.e., rigorously descriptive, approach to ordinary experience, and dialectically as a transcendental analysis of those structures grounding the very possibility of social being itself. Thus the book founds the notion of membership, for example, on an Aristotelian conception of the polis and the primacy of the social, on the notion of individual identity as requiring linguistic community and social membership, and on a Roycean notion of self-consciousness as an emergent from the social whole. In each case, these multiple perspectives are mutually reinforcing and add up to a carefully elaborated notion of our social being.

Shimada, S. (1995). "Social Time and Modernity in Japan: An Exploration of Concepts and a Cultural Comparison." Time & Society 4(2): 251-260.Japan
social time
modernity
Method: comparative analysis
in/commensurability between times
cultural variants of time
changing perceptions of time
history
identity
time discipline
Relevance: 2
Time reckoning
	The assertion that time and space are not easily exchangeable between cultures is explored with reference to the nineteenth-century processes by which the Western system of time regulation became adopted by Japanese society. Particular attention is paid to the role this transformation played in the construction of cultural identity.

Shove, E., F. Trentmann, et al., Eds. (2009). Time, consumption and everyday life: practice, materiality and culture. Oxford and New York, Berg.Materiality
Acceleration of time
changing perceptions of time
Social coordination
time management
critical temporalities
Geography
Sociology
History
Anthropology
philosophy
Rhythms
Routines
cyclical time
Seasonal time
power
Transport technologies
Mobility across communities
social time
Multiple temporalities
agriculture
clock time
calendars
Scheduling
agency
consumerism
ethics
Relevance: 2
commemorative events
seasonal time
Deceleration of time
	Has material civilization spun out of control, becoming too fast for our own well-being and that of the planet? This book confronts these anxieties and examines the changing rhythms and temporal organization of everyday life. How do people handle hurriedness, burn-out and stress? Are slower forms of consumption viable? This volume brings together international experts from geography, sociology, history, anthropology and philosophy. In case studies covering the United States, Asia, and Europe, contributors follow routines and rhythms, their emotional and political dynamics, and show how they are anchored in material culture and everyday practice. Running themes of the book are questions of coordination and disruption; cycles and seasons; and the interplay between power and freedom, and between material and natural forces. The result is a volume that brings studies of practice, temporality and material culture together to open up a new intellectual agenda.

Siegel, D. I. (2001). "Time and Social Work: Multicultural Variables." New Global Development 17(2): 73-85.social work
Development
in/commensurability between times
Perception of time
cultural variants of time
Anthropology
Method: ethnography
time and space
Temporal flow
inclusion/exclusion
organisational temporalities
Coevalness
methodology
temporality of academic work
Assumptions about time obscuring x
Relevance: 2
	Multidisciplinary research indicates a broad range of Bio/Psycho/Social/Cultural variables determine one's perception of time. This article focuses on the relationship between culture and time perception and its significance for social work practice. Review of anthropological and ethnographic study shows time perception relates to what is meaningful for a culture and its conception of space, its place in the economic and social system, how it sees time's passage, and its experience with oppression. In the current era of managed care, the structures, dimensions, and theories of social work and other worker's practice reflect the time perceptions of the majority culture and may not respond to those of various other cultures. Development of cultural dimensions of time perception enables consideration of their influence for social work practice.

Silverman, E. K. (1997). "Politics, Gender, and Time in Melanesia and Aboriginal Australia." Ethnology 36(2): 101-121.social time
politics
Anthropology
Australia
Papua New Guinea
myth
Gender
indigenous Australians
indigenous peoples
Relevance: 2
	This article interprets the symbolism and politics of Iatmul time (Sepik River, Papua New Guinea). Social life is structured by different forms of time (e.g., totemism, myth, Omaha terminologies, ritual). Furthermore, mythic history is a mode of ritual politics. Finally, Iatmul time symbolizes paradoxes of gender. The article concludes by comparing the temporality and gender of Melanesian cosmology with the Aboriginal dreamtime.

Smith, J. E. (1992). America's Philosophical Vision. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Philosophy
Pragmatism
method: dynamic rather than static
relevance: 2
Dewey
Josiah Royce
William James
Charles Peirce
social change
critique of discipline
	These essays focus the unique contribution of Peirce, James, Royce, and Dewey to a philosophical outlook which takes time and change seriously, rejects certainty without falling into scepticism, recognizes the social situation in which science develops, understands the interplay between morality, religion and science and defends the reality of community against both individualism and collectivism. The book presents a challenge to those who seek to enlist the classical American philosophers in support of "the end of philosophy" or the belief that philosophy must be turned into "literature" in order to survive.

Smith, L. and E. Waterton (2009). Heritage, Communities and Archaeology. London, Gerald Duckworth & Co.Heritage
Archaeology
community archaeology
temporality of academic work
community engagement
communication
memory
identity
methodology
relevance: 2
	This book traces the development of 'community archaeology', identifying both its advantages and disadvantages by describing how and why tensions have arisen between archaeological and community understandings of the past. The focus of this book is the conceptual disjunction between heritage and data and the problems this poses for both archaeologists and communities in communicating and engaging with each other. In order to explain the extent of the miscommunication that can occur, the authors examine the ways in which a range of community groups, including communities of expertise, define and negotiate memory and identity. Importantly, they explore the ways in which these expressions are used, or are taken up, in struggles over cultural recognition - and ultimately, the practical, ethical, political and theoretical implications this has for archaeologists engaging in community work. Finally, they argue that there are very real advantages for archaeological research, theory and practice to be gained from engaging with communities. 

Smith, M. M. (1997). Mastered by the clock : time, slavery, and freedom in the American South. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press.clock time
USA
Labour time
economics
time discipline
history
Colonialism
slavery
time use
social time
transport technologies
modernity
Relevance: 2
inclusion/exclusion
power
changing perceptions of time
Seasonal time
time as tool for managing percieved threats
asynchrony
	Mastered by the Clock is the first work to explore the evolution of clock-based time consciousness in the American South. Challenging traditional assumptions about the plantation economy's reliance on a premodern, nature-based conception of time, Mark M. Smith shows how and why southerners--particularly masters and their slaves--came to view the clock as a legitimate arbiter of time. Drawing on an extraordinary range of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century archival sources, Smith demonstrates that white southern slaveholders began to incorporate this new sense of time in the 1830s. Influenced by colonial merchants' fascination with time thrift, by a long-held familiarity with urban, public time, by the transport and market revolution in the South, and by their own qualified embrace of modernity, slaveowners began to purchase timepieces in growing numbers, adopting a clock-based conception of time and attempting in turn to instill a similar consciousness in their slaves. But, forbidden to own watches themselves, slaves did not internalize this idea to the same degree as their masters, and slaveholders found themselves dependent as much on the whip as on the clock when enforcing slaves' obedience to time. Ironically, Smith shows, freedom largely consolidated the dependence of masters as well as freedpeople on the clock

Sorokin, P. A. and R. K. Merton (1937). "Social Time: A Methodological and Functional Analysis." The American Journal of Sociology 42(5): 615-629.social time
Relevance: 2
Sociology
time as symbolic resource
labour time
social coordination
Scheduling
cultural variants of time
Commemorative events
Methodology
Periodicity
coordinating between different times
	The category of astronomical time is only one of several concepts of time. Such concepts differ in the fields of philosophy, psychology, and economics. An operational definition of expressions of time in common usage shows that social phenomena are frequently adopted as a frame of reference so that units of time are often fixed by the rhythm of collective life. The need for social collaboration is at the root of social systems of time. Social time is qualitatively differentiated according to the beliefs and customs common to the group. Social time is not continuous but is interrupted by critical dates. All calendrical systems arise from and are perpetuated by social requirements. They arise from social differentiation and a widening area of social interaction. It is possible that the introduction of social time as a methodological category would enhance the discovery of social periodicities.

Southerton, D. (2003). "`Squeezing Time': Allocating Practices, Coordinating Networks and Scheduling Society " Time & Society 12(1): 5-25.acceleration of time
time allocation
networks
Scheduling
Perception of time
Sociology
Method: Interviews
narrative
social coordination
time use
time management
temporal conflict
Synchronicity
Technology
Care work
Relevance: 2
coordinating between different times
urban communities
	The `time squeeze', notions of `rush' and `harried' are popular concerns in contemporary society. This article reports on interviews with 20 suburban households who all suggested that people feel increasingly harried. Respondents were quick to suggest a set of generic narratives to explain the causes of `harriedness', notably that people `work more' and `consume more' - the same explanation offered by prominent academic analyses. However, such explanations did not tally with their `experiences' of harriedness. It is argued that `harriedness' was generated by a felt need to allocate and schedule practices within designated time frames (which created hot spots). This was `necessary' in order to coordinate practices within social networks and to `free-up' other time frames (cold spots) for interaction with significant others. On the one hand, this suggests a rationalized conception of time as subject to personal control. On the other, such individual responses (to schedule and allocate) to the perceived `time squeeze' were responses to a collective problem. In a society where increasingly people feel the need to generate personal schedules, temporal alignment within networks becomes problematic. In attempting to schedule practices, which often required employment of convenience devices and services, respondents reported a growing anxiety that care is compromised by convenience. It was this anxiety that made the `time squeeze' discourse meaningful to respondents.

Southerton, D. (2006). "Analysing the Temporal Organization of Daily Life." Sociology 40(3): 435-454.sociology
social time
Method: Interviews
leisure time
Multiple temporalities
Scheduling
Sequence
methodology
Relevance: 2
time reckoning
time allocation
cultural variants of time
sequence
life course
	There is a tension in time studies between measuring and accounting for the changing distribution of units of time across social activities, and explaining temporal experiences. By analysing in-depth interviews with 27 people, this article employs a theory of practice to explore the relationship between respondentsâ€™ â€˜non-workâ€™ practices and five dimensions of time. It hypothesizes that practices which demand a fixed location within daily schedules anchor temporal organization, around which are sequenced sets of interrelated practices. A third category of practices fills the gaps that emerge within temporal sequences.The most significant socio-demographic constraints (gender, age, life-course and education) that shaped how respondents engaged and experienced practices in relation to the five dimensions of time are then considered. It is argued that the relationship between different types of social practices, five dimensions of time and sociodemographic constraints presents a conceptual framework for the systematic analysis of differential temporal experiences.

Spurk, J. (2004). "Simultaneity Within Non-Simultaneity?: Continuity, Rupture, Emergence – on the Temporal Dynamic of Social Formation " Time & Society 13(1): 41-49.Simultaneity
non-linear time
multiple temporalities
history
Past in the present
temporal conflict
Relevance: 2
continuity over time
social change
asynchrony
Becoming
Acceleration of time
	This article focuses on the continuity-rupture-emergence approach that characterizes simultaneous and nonsimultaneous temporalities. It addresses the different ways individual and collective actors participate in history with the help of their experiences and expectations. Although the ‘speeding up’ process increasingly influences contemporary societies, society formation remains anchored to continuities linking it to the past.

Standifer, R. and A. Bluedorn (2006). "Alliance management teams and entrainment: Sharing temporal mental models." Human Relations 59(7): 903-927.Management
organisational temporalities
social coordination
entrainment
time use
orientation within time
Coevalness
time as missing element
Relevance: 2
coordinating between different times
	Creating and administrating successful strategic alliances poses a significant challenge to interorganizational managerial teams. Using shared mental model theory as a framework, we propose that the effectiveness of these managerial teams can be increased if the team shares a common temporal mental model with regard to the alliance. Specifically, a shared mental model in terms of the elements of entrainment (e.g. cycle, pace, time orientation) will allow team members to actively assess and better manage entrainment issues which we suggest are a crucial component of strategic alliances, although not one that has been studied to a great extent.

Steiner, D. D. and M. M. Mark (1985). "The Impact of a Community Action Group: An Illustration of the Potential of Time Series Analysis for the Study of Community Groups." American Journal of Community Psychology 13: 13.Psychology
Activism
method: time series analysis
Methodology
social Change
Relevance: 2
	Community action groups are important in creating social change at the local level, and also have important effects on participants. An evaluation of the effectiveness of a community action group is presented. An interrupted time series design is employed. A community group initiated a mass withdrawal campaign against a bank in protest of a planned mortgage interest increase. Results indicated that the group's actions led to a significant reduction in the passbook savings account holdings in the bank. It is argued that interrupted time series methods hold great potential for the studey of community action groups, as well as in other reseach areas in community psychology. Methods for time series analysis are briefly described. 

Stephens, C. (1989). ""The Most Reliable Time": William Bond, the New England Railroads, and Time Awareness in 19th-Century America." Technology and Culture 30(1): 1-24.Transport technologies
social coordination
Changing perceptions of time
USA
history
Technology
clock time
Synchronicity
time as missing element
time discipline
Relevance: 2
time reckoning
	not available - from the intro: It is a truism that modern American life runs by the clock. Clocks synchronize our communal activities, and that they do so is at once useful and tyrannical. As fundamental as this duality is, though, precisely how it came to govern our lives has yet to be explained in a comprehensive way. Fragmentary evidence hints at the story's complexity. A vast literature on clocks and watches exists, but that literature generally slants toward the stylistic interests of the collector. Other clues have surfaced in studies of American factory discipline and scientific management's time-and-motion studies. Still, we have no solid study of the interaction of timekeeping technology with the way 19th-century Americans experienced time As a step toward explaining the interaction, this article offers a revealing episode from the middle of the 19th century. Science, technology, and commerce intersect in the story of how William Cranch Bond-first director of the Harvard College Observatory and owner of a lucrative instrument supply firm in Boston-supplied "the most reliable time" to the railroads emanating from that city

Stephens, C. E. (2002). On time: how America has learned to live by the clock. Boston, The Bulfinch Press.USA
Clock time
Heritage
history
Change over time
clocks
time zones
changing perceptions of time
history of changing perceptions of time
Technology
Relevance: 2
industrialisation
Museums
time reckoning
	Have you ever wondered who came up with time zones, or why we adjust our clocks at daylight savings time? This entertainingly written, generously illustrated book, drawn from a popular exhibit at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, provides the answers to these and dozens of other questions about time. "On Time" showcases unusual timepieces from the museum's collection, such as Helen Keller's pocket watch and the earliest bedside alarm clocks, and brings to life some of the lesser-known characters and events that have shaped the way we think about time today.

Strazdins, L., A. L. Griffin, et al. (2011). "Time scarcity: another health inequality?" Environment and Planning A 43(3): 545-559.time scarcity
temporal inequality
health care
Policy
Geography
Poverty
Class
time as missing element
time allocation
social time
care work
labour time
Gender
status
life course
normativity
social coordination
Unpredictibility
linear time
temporal conflict
Multiple temporalities
time management
Urban communities
cities
Relevance: 2
families
Australia
USA
care work
	Considerable policy action has focused on the social patterning of health, especially the health risks associated with low income. More recent attention has turned to transport, food systems, workplaces, and location, and the way their intersections with social position and income create health inequalities. Time is another dimension that structures what people do; yet the way in which time contours health has been neglected. This paper explores (a) how time might influence health, and (b) the way in which time scarcity complicates current understandings of health inequalities. Alongside other meanings, time can be thought of as a health resource. People need time to access health services, build close relationships, exercise, work, play, care, and consume - all activities that are fundamental to health. There is evidence that the experience of time pressure is directly related to poorer mental health. Lack of time is also the main reason people give for not taking exercise or eating healthy food. Thus, another impact of time scarcity may be its prevention of activities and behaviours critical for good health. We investigate whether time scarcity, like financial pressure, is socially patterned, and thus likely to generate health inequality. The experience of time scarcity appears to be linked to variations in time devoted to employment or caring - activities closely bound to gender, status, and life course. One reason that time scarcity is socially patterned is because of the way in which caring is valued, allocated, and negotiated in households and the market. Adding paid employment to caring workloads is now normative, transforming the allocation of time within families. But caring requires a close interlocking with others' needs, which are often urgent and unpredictable, creating conflict with the linear, scheduled, and commodified approach to time required in the workplace. We review the evidence for the possibility that these time pressures are indeed contributing to socially patterned health inequalities among people caring for others. We also explore the potential for time scarcity to compound other sources of health inequality through interplays with income and space (urban form, transportation networks and place of residence). People who are both time and income poor, such as lone mothers, may face compounding barriers to good health, and the urban geography of time-scarce families represents the embedding of time-money-space trade-offs linked to physical location. In Australia and the US, poorer families are more likely to live in mid to outer suburbs, necessitating longer commutes to work. These suburbs have inferior public transport access, and can lack goods and services essential to health such as shops selling fresh foods. We conclude with a tentative framework for considering time and health in the context of policy actions. For example, social policy efforts to increase workforce participation may be economically necessary, but could have time-related consequences that alter health. Similarly, if cities are to be made livable, health promoting, and more equitable, urban designers need to understand time and time-income-space trade-offs. Indeed, many social policies and planning and health interventions involve time dimensions which, if they remain unacknowledged, could further compound time pressures and time-related health inequality.

Sun, W. (2001). "Media events or media stories?" International Journal of Cultural Studies 4(1): 25-43.Media
Cultural studies
events
China
national time
history
Multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
Asynchrony
nationalism
narrative
Relevance: 2
Memory
	Taking Dayan and Katz’s argument of media event as the point of departure, I want to not only assess the relevance of media event theory to a non liberal-democratic media system such as China but, more importantly, to argue that ‘media events’ need to be studied in juxtaposition to what I refer to as ‘media stories’ in order to yield insight into the complexity and ambiguity of the Chinese mediasphere. I show that whereas media events are about spectacles, official time and grand history, media stories are mostly about everyday life, unofficial time and individual memory. I argue that the co-existence of conflicting temporalities between the official media and commercial media contributes to a process of fragmentation and dispersal of a sense of national space and time. I further argue that although media events and media stories perform different spatial-temporal duties and functions in the way in which the nation is imagined, there is a complicity between nationalist discourses and transnational processes in contemporary China.

Szerszynski, B. (2002). "Wild times and domesticated times: the temporalities of environmental lifestyles and politics." Landscape and Urban Planning 61(2-4): 181-191.environment
politics
action
agency
social change
Multiple temporalities
orientation within time
experiential time
progress
Relevance: 2
political time
chronos/kairos
linear time
cyclical time
synchronicity
narrative
time as symbolic resource
coordinating between different times
	In this paper, I explore how environmental movements and lifestyles, like all forms of human action, produce their own characteristic kinds of time. During this exploration, I introduce a number of concepts which I suggest are useful in understanding these temporalities--chronological and kairological time; linear and cyclic time; segmentation and plot; orientation and synchronisation. Whereas the environment as described by the natural sciences is one dominated by chronological, linear time, human time is also kairological, suffused with meaning and intention. The varieties of human action also produce their own distinctive temporalities--some linear, some cyclic, some oriented to external goals, some self-sufficient. The logic of kairological time also requires that we understand individual events and actions as [`]figures' against a temporal [`]ground'--one that is characteristically organised into an overarching narrative, or broken up into distinctive time segments. Furthermore, human experience is not just situated in time, but orients itself within time--it faces [`]backwards' into the past, [`]forwards' into the future, or commits itself to the present. Finally, lived time is also sometimes synchronised with other times--with that of proximate or distant others, or with historical narratives of progress or decline.

Tabboni, S. (2001). "The Idea of Social Time in Norbert Elias." Time & Society 10(1): 5-27.Social time
Norbert Elias
values
organisational temporalities
labour time
scheduling
normativity
sociology
time discipline
Relevance: 2
cultural variants of time
normativity
critical temporalities
	This article reviews the relevance of Norbert Elias's contribution to the study of social time, concentrating on how the theme of time is currently at the core of social theory. Elias's definition of time enables us to understand that dominant time, which varies historically according to different kinds of society, expresses the need for an organization of work and reflects above all each society's privileged values. Social time always results from a choice; it is therefore qualitative even when, for instance, it has been formulated in strictly quantitative and mathematical terms. But time is also a norm, perhaps the most pervasive among social norms. If one adopts a temporal viewpoint, it becomes easier to rid oneself of the conceptual dichotomies - nature and culture, individual and society - which constitute the main dilemma that contemporary sociological thought has inherited from its `founding fathers'. Furthermore, the time discipline to which people willingly submit indicates the level of self-restraint, the taming of impulse, and therefore the level of `civilization' they have reached.

Taylor, C. (2004). Modern Social Imaginaries. Durham and London, Duke University Press.Philosophy
ethics
identity
communitarianism
Political philosophy
modernity
counter modernity
Multiple temporalities
progress
political time
relevance: 2
Multiculturalism
Asynchrony
Democratic present
secularism
Meaning
	One of the most influential philosophers in the English-speaking world, Charles Taylor is internationally renowned for his contributions to political and moral theory, particularly to debates about identity formation, multiculturalism, secularism, and modernity. In Modern Social Imaginaries, Taylor continues his recent reflections on the theme of multiple modernities. To account for the differences among modernities, Taylor sets out his idea of the social imaginary, a broad understanding of the way a given people imagine their collective social life. Retelling the history of Western modernity, Taylor traces the development of a distinct social imaginary. Animated by the idea of a moral order based on the mutual benefit of equal participants, the Western social imaginary is characterized by three key cultural forms—the economy, the public sphere, and self-governance. Taylor’s account of these cultural formations provides a fresh perspective on how to read the specifics of Western modernity: how we came to imagine society primarily as an economy for exchanging goods and services to promote mutual prosperity, how we began to imagine the public sphere as a metaphorical place for deliberation and discussion among strangers on issues of mutual concern, and how we invented the idea of a self-governing people capable of secular “founding” acts without recourse to transcendent principles. Accessible in length and style, Modern Social Imaginaries offers a clear and concise framework for understanding the structure of modern life in the West and the different forms modernity has taken around the world.

from review by David Thunder:
The thesis advanced by Taylor, bared down to its essentials, is that starting in the seventeenth century, with the modern natural law theories of Grotius and Locke, a new idea of moral order, that is, a new conception of "how we ought to live together in society," took hold among Europeans and Americans (p. 3). This new idea of moral order involves a kind of "flattening" or "secularization" of time, whereby the notion of human society instantiating or reflecting some "Great Chain of Being," along with the notion of a transhistorical or supernatural legitimation of social order, were set aside. In their place, the contractual model of society-rational exchange among equals for mutual benefit-gradually came to dominate the self-understanding of Western societies.

Taylor, S. and M. Wetherell (1999). "A Suitable Time and Place: Speakers' Use of `Time' to do Discursive Work in Narratives of Nation and Personal Life " Time & Society 8(1): 39-58.narrative
nationalism
individual time
time as symbolic resource
Method: discourse analysis
New Zealand
identity
Belonging
life course
Past in the present
imagined pasts
Counter traditions
Maori
indigenous peoples
Relevance: 2
	Following the approaches of discourse analysis and social contructionism, talk about New Zealand/Aotearoa is analysed to show how constructions of time become a discursive resource in speakers' identity work and also in larger contests around nation and belonging. Time and place constructions become interlinked within a personal narrative as consecutive life-stages corresponding to different places of residence. An absent time-place is reified as a valued possession, to be protected from others. In contests around the status of the Maori minority, the constructions of time within alternative narratives establish or challenge the status of indigeneity.

Temple, B. (1996). "Time Travels: Time, Oral Histories and British-Polish Identities." Time & Society 5(1): 85-96.Method: oral history
Migration
identity
time as symbolic resource
U.K.
Poland
Europe
ethnicity
Relevance: 2
inclusion/exclusion
	In the research process, as in life generally, people construct their ethnic identity in different and changing ways. In this process, time is both a resource and a tool for construction. Looking at research into Polish communities in Britain, it is argued that time, far from being a measure of a pre-existing reality, is instead auto/biographically constructive of selves, identities and realities.

Thomas, J. (1996). Time, culture and identity: an interpretive archaeology. London, Routledge.phenomenology
archaeology
heidegger
identity
relevance: 2
time as missing element
Methodology
Agriculture
	This groundbreaking work considers one of the central themes of archaeology, time, which until recently has been taken for granted. It considers how time is used and perceived by archaeology and also how time influences the construction of identities. The book presents case studies, eg, transition from hunter gather to farming in early Neolithic, to examine temporality and identity. Drawing upon the work of Martin Heidegger, Thomas develops a way of writing about the past in which time is seen as central to the emergence of the identities of peoples and things. He questions the modern western distinction between nature and culture, mind and body, object and subject, and argues that in some senses the temporal structure of human beings, artefacts and places are similar.

Thomas, K. (2007). "“What Time We Kiss”: Michael Field’s Queer Temporalities." GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 13(2-3): 327-351.queer temporalities
Queer theory
literary theory
literature
futurity
non-linear time
Sexuality
Break in time
Relevance: 2
critical temporalities
the past
the future
imagined futures
inclusion/exclusion
generations
families
Friendship
politics
	This essay draws together inaugural and contemporary queer theoretical preoccupations with temporality by focusing on two late-nineteenth-century lesbian poets whose writing is structured by complex adjudications of time and era. Katharine Bradley (1846 – 1914) and Edith Cooper (1862 – 1913) wrote together under the name of Michael Field. They regarded their life and their poetry as an immortal art and the age in which they wrote and loved as conversely prosaic and artless. Their collaboration throws light on current debates about queer temporalities for several reasons. First, their work emerges from — and creates — interstices of time; obsessed with queer pasts, they turn equally vigorously to decidedly queer futures. They believe that they will inherit the world, and they are anything but meek about it. Furthermore, the temporal disordering involved in imagining this future forms a wellspring for their erotics. Although futurity has recently come in for some flak as an antisex, pro-procreative diversion tactic, in the hands of Michael Field, the future appears downright kinky.5 They regarded the age difference or time lapse between them as a way to find themselves in each other. Second, Bradley and Cooper were aunt and niece. Their relationship was incestuous. Michael Field is understudied, to be sure, but this fact of the relationship has been so politely avoided that it is something of an elephant in the maiden-auntly parlor. Much work on Field thus far either adheres Field to a model of desexualized romantic friendship or identifies Field as lesbian.6 In both cases, incest hides in plain view. The women’s close familial relationship is mentioned as casually as are the years of their births. Somehow, identifying Field as nicely lesbian still occludes the particular contours of their lesbian desire. Those contours are timely for this investigation — they are intergenerational and intrafamilial and as such can weigh in on current critical arbitrations of the place of futurity and the familial in queer scholarship and politics.

Thompson, E. P. (1967). "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism." Past and Present 38: 56-97.labour time
change over time
time discipline
Capitalism
history
Relevance: 2
time as tool for political legitimation
changing perceptions of time
industrialisation
experiential time
	not available - quote from text: "the present enquiry: how far, and in what ways, did this shift in timesense affect labour discipline, and how far did it influence the inward apprehension of time of working people? If the transition to mature industrial society entailed a severe restructuring of working habits - new disciplines, new incentives, and a new human nature upon which these incentives could bite effectively - how far is this related to changes in the inward notation of time?"

Thrift, N. (1981). Owners' time and own time: The making of a capitalist time consciousness, 1300-1880. Space and Time in Geography: Essays Dedicated to Torsten Hagerstrand. A. R. Pred. Lund, Gleerup Studies in Geography: 56-84.Geography
Capitalism
time discipline
time use
time perspective
Relevance: 2
changing perceptions of time
Task oriented time
experiential time
time geography
	not available

Todorova, M. (2005). "The Trap of Backwardness: Modernity, Temporality, and the Study of Eastern European Nationalism." Slavic Review 64(1): 140-164.temporal distancing
coevalness
history
nationalism
multiple temporalities
inclusion/exclusion
Synchronicity
Relevance: 2
contradictory present
historiography
timeliness
time as missing element
critical temporalities
methodology
historical time
longue durée
	This article focuses on the discourse of backwardness as an aspect of what has been recognized as the dominant trope in east European historiography until the end of the twentieth century, namely nationalism. Through a survey of east European historiographies, it demonstrates how different notions of temporality are employed. Eastern Europe as a whole and the particular problem of east European nationalism have been constituted as historical objects of study very much on the pattern of anthropological objects, through structural models of "timeless" theory and method and bracketing out time as a dimension of intercultural study. The article proposes a way to circumvent the trap of origins, which carries backwardness as its corollary, by introducing the idea of relative synchronicity within a longue durée framework. This allows the description of a period in terms of linear consecutive developments but also as a dialogical process without overlooking important aspects of short-term historical analysis involving sequential development, transmission, and diffusion.

Todorova, M. and Z. Gille, Eds. (2010). Post-Communist Nostalgia. Oxford, Berghahn Books.nostalgia
political time
Europe
economics
imagined futures
Separation from the past
imagined pasts
Past in the present
Generations
Urban communities
Rural communities
gender
orientation within time
inclusion/exclusion
Capitalism
Communism
social change
Relevance: 2
postcommunism
Absence of future
	Although the end of the Cold War was greeted with great enthusiasm by people in the East and the West, the ensuing social and especially economic changes did not always result in the hoped-for improvements in people's lives. This led to widespread disillusionment that can be observed today all across Eastern Europe. Not simply a longing for security, stability, and prosperity, this nostalgia is also a sense of loss regarding a specific form of sociability. Even some of those who opposed communism express a desire to invest their new lives with renewed meaning and dignity. Among the younger generation, it surfaces as a tentative yet growing curiosity about the recent past. In this volume scholars from multiple disciplines explore the various fascinating aspects of this nostalgic turn by analyzing the impact of generational clusters, the rural-urban divide, gender differences, and political orientation. They argue persuasively that this nostalgia should not be seen as a wish to restore the past, as it has otherwise been understood, but instead it should be recognized as part of a more complex healing process and an attempt to come to terms both with the communist era as well as the new inequalities of the post-communist era. 

Torrent, J. C. R. and P. A. M. Bown (2008). "Industrial and social time in Maria Elena, the last nitrate town." Chungara-Revista De Antropologia Chilena 40(1): 81-97.social time
technology
Latin America
labour time
Changing perceptions of time
identity
Unpredictibility
Relevance: 2
	This article deals with the precarious existential condition of present inhabitants, workers and co-workers of the nitrate plant town Maria Elena, located in the north of Chile. It also refers to the traditional cultural background. It focuses in the new mercantile dynamics and forms of labor that are being imposed and their impact in identity and sociability, as well as in the alteration of confidence and certainty about the town. All this occurs in a "culture of unemployment" beyond the remains of the mythic history of nitrate workers.

Treadway, D. C., J. W. Breland, et al. (2010). "The interactive effects of political skill and future time perspective on career and community networking behavior." Social Networks 32(2): 138-147.Management
Networks
Future
future orientation
time perspective
Method: social network analysis
expectation
labour time
organisational temporalities
Relevance: 2
	Scholars have suggested that skill (Ferris et al., 2007) and motivation (Forret and Dougherty, 2001) need to be considered in predicting the direction and intensity of networking behaviors. Congruently, the present study argues that skill and motivation operate interactively and assesses the interactive impact of political skill (i.e., the ability to interact effectively with others) and future time perspective on differentially predicting community-based and career-based networking behavior. Results from a sample of managers from a national retail chain (n = 291) indicated that politically skilled individuals who possessed a deep future time perspective were more involved in career-related networking than politically skilled individuals who perceived a shallow future time perspective. Additionally, politically skilled respondents with shallow organizational time perspectives engaged in higher levels of community-based networking than did their counterparts with deeper organizational time perspectives. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of political skill, social networks, and socioemotional selectivity theory. 

Trumpener, K. (1992). "The Time of the Gypsies: A "People without History" in the Narratives of the West." Critical Inquiry 18(4): 843-884.race
Coevalness
temporal distancing
myth
history
identity
timelessness
Relevance: 2
Separation from the past
narrative
literature
literary theory
politics
asynchrony
Synchronicity
time discipline
time as tool for managing percieved threats
assumptions about time obscuring x
inclusion/exclusion
boredom
children/youth
	not available - from the text: Played out in the drama at Maihaugen, in effect, is much of the ideological ensemble surrounding the cultural construction of "the Gypsies" in the Western imagination.3 This essay follows several strands in succession (the Gypsy encounter as set piece; the conflation of the Gypsies' literary and historical status; the freezing of time at the Gypsies' approach; the unmasking of their "character" as Western projection), its recurrent motif-as the epigraphs suggest-the ascribed relationship of Gypsies to Western temporality, and its consequences for the development and nondevelopment of Western political discourse about Gypsy life.4 Thus D. H. Lawrence's typical account of first contact stresses the nonsynchronicity with which the Gypsies in their cart and a carful of bored young white Europeans move through time; at first threatening to flatten whatever impedes their progress, the young people capitulate to Gypsy seductions by the very decision to abandon their usual timetables.5 The related invocation,  by a resident "Gypsy expert" with the Chicago Police Department, of a mythic Gypsy time of legend, curse, and prophecy ("from now and forevermore") to justify current police procedures (by which Gypsy citizens continue, Good Friday or not, to be questioned, harassed, and even framed solely on racial grounds) suggests the continuing historical consequence of Western "Gypsy" fantasies for the actual shape of Romani lives in Europe and North America today.

Tsuji, Y. (2006). "Railway Time and Rubber Time: The paradox in the Japanese conception of time." Time & Society 15(2-3): 177-195.Japan
Method: longitudinal analysis
Method: participant observation
Multiple temporalities
punctuality
Social coordination
social time
technology
temporal complexity
temporal conflict
Transport technologies
cultural variants of time
labour time
Asia
Relevance: 2
	This article addresses the co-existence of rigid punctuality and a rubber-like flexibility in the Japanese conception of time. It examines how the clock and social norms shape the everyday use of time related to railways, work, and appointments in Japan. It demonstrates that multiple discourses of time and the complicated interactions among them create temporal complexity in which the seeming contradiction between rigidity and flexibility is compromised. The data derive from long-term participant-observation research among Japanese in Japan and abroad.

Turner, J. and M. Grieco (2000). "Gender and Time Poverty: The Neglected Social Policy Implications of Gendered Time, Transport and Travel." Time & Society 9(1): 129-136.time scarcity
Gender
temporal inequality
Transport technologies
policy
Development
Care work
time as missing element
Relevance: 2
women's time
Social structure
coordinating between different times
	Women in the developed world have different transport and travel patterns from men. Women are often involved in poorly resourced, highly complex, multiple-purpose trips (trip chaining); men tend to make single-purpose trips at higher cost and using superior modes of transport. These differences in transport and travel patterns are generated out of differential access by gender to economic resources, social resources and time resources. Women are time poor as a consequence of the disproportionate level of household tasks they are required to perform within present social structures. This research note identifies gaps in current UK social policy development around getting single mothers from welfare into work. It suggests a range of information technology based solutions which could assist single mothers in accomplishing the complex coordinatory task set them by the new policies on lone parenthood which need to be accompanied by improvements in transport if the `welfare to work' policy is to be successful.

Turner, M. W. (2002). "Periodical Time in the Nineteenth Century." Media History 8(2): 183-196.media
history
Periodicity
Changing perceptions of time
history of changing perceptions of time
historiography
methodology
time as missing element
Relevance: 2
news
	Time, however you think about it, is essential to what periodical print media is. By its (very definition, periodicals—and in this I am including all newspapers and journals and other print material issued continually and at regular intervals—are continually on the move, across time. What I wish to do in this article is think about matters of time in relation to nineteenth-century periodicals, and emphasize that in order to understand the nature of periodical-ness and the role periodicities play in a given culture, we have to focus on and ask questions about time: how did changes in the cultural understandings of time in the nineteenth century impact upon the press? How does time define serial media? What are the ways we might conceptualize the problems raised by thinking about time in relation to media history? How does time get imagined and represented in the media; that is, what is the history of the representation of time? How do nineteenth-century understandings of time impact upon understandings of history, and what role does the media play in relation to both? These are only some of the questions that might prompt more in-depth study, and I do not intend to address each of these lines of inquiry here. Rather, what I hope to do is focus our attention on the signicance of time in media history, and, on the different ways time as a problem gets both imagined and embodied in the periodical culture of the nineteenth century.

Twenge, J. M., K. R. Catanese, et al. (2003). "Social Exclusion and the Deconstructed State: Time Perception, Meaninglessness, Lethargy, Lack of Emotion, and Self-Awareness." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85(3): 409-423.experiential time
Psychology
Relevance: 2
perception of time
meaning
Affect
inclusion/exclusion
social psychology
experiential time
orientation within time
Deceleration of time
	The authors hypothesize that socially excluded individuals enter a defensive state of cognitive deconstruction that avoids meaningful thought, emotion, and self-awareness, and is characterized by lethargy and altered time flow. Social rejection led to an overestimation of time intervals, a focus on the present rather than the future, and a failure to delay gratification (Experiment 1). Rejected participants were more likely to agree that "Life is meaningless" (Experiment 2). Excluded participants wrote fewer words and displayed slower reaction times (Experiments 3 and 4). They chose fewer emotion words in an implicit emotion task (Experiment 5), replicating the lack of emotion on explicit measures (Experiments 1-3 and 6). Excluded participants also tried to escape from self-awareness by facing away from a mirror (Experiment 6).

Unruh, D. (1976). "The Funeralization Process: Toward a model of social time." Mid-American Review of Sociology 1(1): 9-25.Death & dying
organisational temporalities
Social coordination
social time
Sociology
temporal boundaries
time allocation
time management
etiquette
Suspensions of everyday time
time as symbolic resource
coordinating between different times
Relevance: 2
	This paper attempts to describe, categorize, and analyze interactions between social actors and the temporal aspects of a specific social occasion. The burial process, as a social occasion, necessitates the coordination and management of social time between individuals, institutions, and the functionaries ofdeath. In the analysis a temporal "model" is constructed whereby interactions between social actors and the temporal components may be categorized. This temporal "model" consists of: temporal awareness, the temporal epoch, temporal allocations, and aspects of temporal management.

Urciuoli, B. (1992). Time, Talk and Class: New York Puerto Ricans as Temporal and Linguistic Others. The Politics of Time. H. J. Rutz. Washington D.C., American Anthropological Association: 108-126.ethnicity
Anthropology
bureaucracy
organisational temporalities
class
Communication
temporal conflict
temporal distancing
Coevalness
health
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
coordinating between different times
time as tool for managing percieved threats
time as tool for political legitimation
USA
Migration
	not available

Urry, J. (1994). "Time, Leisure and Social Identity." Time & Society 3(2): 131-149.capitalism
changing perceptions of time
clock time
Deep time
identity
leisure time
Methodology
place
time and space
sociology
Deceleration of time
Acceleration of time
time as resource
Asynchrony
Relevance: 2
	This article is concerned with exploring some of the connections between time and leisure, arguing in particular that leisure patterns are especially significant for changing notions of time. It is further argued that the once hegemonic clock-time is being supplanted in `disorganized capitalism' by a mix of instantaneous and glacial times. A variety of empirical indices of these are developed. It is then shown that contemporary leisure patterns are transformed through processes of de-traditionalization and increased reflexivity, processes that presuppose these newer forms of time. In conclusion, some implications for place are briefly developed.

Urry, J. (2001). Sociology beyond Societies: mobilities for the twenty-first century. London, Routledge.Social Time
Sociology
Technology
globalisation
Mobility across communities
social theory
Multiple temporalities
clock time
time as natural
Relevance: 2
changing perceptions of time
Acceleration of time
Uneven development
asynchrony
temporal complexity
borders
citizenship
The internet
	In this ground-breaking contribution to social theory, John Urry argues that the traditional basis of sociology - the study of society - is outmoded in an increasingly borderless world. If sociology is to make a pertinent contribution to the post societal era it must forget the social rigidities of the pre-global order and, instead, switch its focus to the study of both physical and virtual movement. In considering this sociology of mobilities, the book concerns itself with the travels of people, ideas, images, messages, waste products and money across international borders, and the implications these mobilities have to our experiences of time, space, dwelling and citizenship. Sociology Beyond Society extends recent debate about globalisation both by providing an analysis of how mobilities reconstitute social life in uneven and complex ways, and by arguing for the significance of objects, senses, and time and space in the theorising of contemporary life.

Usunier, J.-C. G. (1991). "Business Time Perceptions and National Cultures: A Comparative Survey." MIR: Management International Review 31(3): 197-217.Perception of time
Method: comparative analysis
Management
organisational temporalities
nationalism
cultural variants of time
temporal conflict
international Relations
economics
Multiple temporalities
Relevance: 2
time as symbolic resource
	Behavior in relation to time is strongly influenced by cultural patterns. It often generates misunderstandings, especially in international marketing negotiations. This paper explores the relevant literature and develops an empirical approach across five countries. Results show that developing countries tend to favor ideal economic time. This largely contradicts their actual behavior, and may be a source of increased misunderstanding with business-people coming from actual economic time countries.

Usunier, J.-C. G. and P. Valette-Florence (1994). "Perceptual time patterns (‘time styles’): a psychometric scale." Time & Society 3(2): 219-241.Perception of time
Psychology
Consumerism
management
Sociology
Anthropology
orientation within time
Method: questionnaires
time scarcity
non-linear time
linear time
Past orientation
future orientation
orientation within time
time discipline
Relevance: 2
	Issues pertaining to the perception of time are central to many marketing dynamics, especially for consumer behaviour. This article first presents time frames as they are established within a society (mostly described by sociology and anthropology) in relation to the perception of individuals (mostly through experimental and social psychology, as well as the marketing literature). A psychometric scale is then introduced in order to capture these time orientations (`time-styles'). Three hundred questionnaires containing 180 items, based on previous studies, have been administered. Six main dimensions are identified: preference for economic/organized time; preference for non-linear/unorganized time; orientation towards the past; orientation towards the future; time submissiveness; time anxiety. 

van Fenema, P. C. and C. Räisänen (2005). "Invisible Social Infrastructures to Facilitate Time-pressed Distributed Organizing." Time & Society 14(2-3): 341-360.time scarcity
time allocation
time discipline
organisational temporalities
relationality
social coordination
Communication
Multiple temporalities
Routines
Asynchrony
relevance: 2
temporal ordering
Social coordination
coordinating between different times
Method: dynamic rather than static
	How do complex societal demands and time constraints posed by distributed temporary organizing affect organizational communication? Extending Bowker and Star’s (2002) work on infrastructures, we introduce two context-specific ‘invisible’, social infrastructures: organizational and relational. We empirically assess their role in an international, multi-site ERP-software implementation. We investigated how these infrastructures shaped organizational activities, aligned discourses, created order, and prevented divergent behaviours. We found that mutually interdependent organizational and relational infrastructures strengthened social relationships and saved time by facilitating non-routine collaboration and organizational communication under geographic and temporal constraints. We argue that the conceptualization of (infra)structural and process dynamics will help researchers and practitioners understand and handle organizational communication in distributed temporary organizations.

van Loon, J. (1996). "A Cultural Exploration of Time." Time & Society 5(1): 61-84.social time
mediation
Break in time
events
action
presence
Temporality of academic work
Relevance: 2
Meaning
asynchrony
mediation
	Every understanding of reality that takes account of time is necessarily involved in a cultural practice of making sense. This article, by theorizing time in relation to cultural practices, provides a cultural exploration of the argument that no event is ever `present' as itself to itself, but rather, is always in mediation. This takes place in two ways. On the one hand, mediation delays the making present of the event by intervening in processes of interaction; on the other hand, mediation dissolves the present/presence of the event by displacing it to a `third domain' that is constitutive of the `time of the event'. The aim of this article is to assert that any theory of time needs to take into account the time of theory - i.e. the temporality of writing - as a principal entry for constituting an agenda for the future.

van Loon, J. (1996). "A Cultural Exploration of Time: Some Implications of Temporality and Mediation " Time & Society 5(1): 61-84.social time
cultural variants of time
presence
Derrida
Philosophy
Sociology
events
temporality of academic work
Methodology
Metaphysics
Relevance: 2
	Every understanding of reality that takes account of time is necessarily involved in a cultural practice of making sense. This article, by theorizing time in relation to cultural practices, provides a cultural exploration of the argument that no event is ever `present' as itself to itself, but rather, is always in mediation. This takes place in two ways. On the one hand, mediation delays the making present of the event by intervening in processes of interaction; on the other hand, mediation dissolves the present/presence of the event by displacing it to a `third domain' that is constitutive of the `time of the event'. The aim of this article is to assert that any theory of time needs to take into account the time of theory - i.e. the temporality of writing - as a principal entry for constituting an agenda for the future.

Vasquez, R. (2009). "Modernity coloniality and visibility: the politics of time." Sociological Research Online 14(4).chronology
coevalness
colonialism
counter modernity
critical temporalities
inclusion/exclusion
social justice
memory
modernity
Multiple temporalities
narrative
political time
Separation from the past
sociology
temporal inequality
timelessness
violence
visuality
western imperialism
Asynchrony
Relevance: 2
	This paper presents the problem of the mediation between modernity and coloniality; and it explores the usefulness of the question of time to address this mediation. How can we think the simulation of modernity together with the oblivion of coloniality? The text brings the critique of time to the centre of the modernity/ coloniality debate. It shows that chronology, chronological narratives are at the heart of the modern/ colonial systems of oppression; and that the movements of resistance against 'hegemonic globalization' are not only questioning the material structures of oppression, but also the universality of the modern idea of time. It is an invitation to think about the politics of time that are at play in modernity/ coloniality. Here, the modernity/ coloniality tandem is seen as the institution of a politics of time that is geared towards the production of specific economic and political practices oriented to sever the oppressed from their past, their memory. The ensuing temporal discrimination makes invisible all that does not belong to modern temporality. Under this light, it is possible to see how the practices of resistance to the modernity/ coloniality project embody a different politics of time, one that rescues memory as a site of struggle, one that involves the possibility of inhabiting and rescuing the past. These practices of resistance are thus seen as fights against temporal discrimination: fights against invisibility. By addressing the imposition of modern time we can better understand the widespread injustice and violence of modernity/ coloniality. Furthermore, the question of time can help us to bridge the gap between the simulacra of modernity and the oblivion of coloniality.

Veitch, S., Ed. (2007). Law and the politics of reconciliation. Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing.law
organisational temporalities
ethics
political theory
temporal conflict
Multiple temporalities
philosophy
sociology
time as tool for political legitimation
Relevance: 2
Forgiveness
Assumptions about time obscuring x
social change
politics
	This collection of essays by an international group of authors explores the ways in which law and legal institutions are used in countries coming to terms with traumatic pasts and, in some cases, traumatic presents. In putting to question what is often taken for granted in uncritical calls for reconciliation, it critically analyses and frequently challenges the political and legal assumptions underlying discourses of reconciliation. Drawing on a broad spectrum of disciplinary and interdisciplinary insights the authors examine how competing conceptions of law, time, and politics are deployed in social transformations and how pressing demands for reconstruction, reconciliation, and justice inform and respond to legal categories and their use of time.The book is genuinely interdisciplinary, drawing on work in politics, philosophy, theology, sociology and law. It will appeal to a wide audience of researchers and academics working in these areas.

Videla, N. P. (2006). "It Cuts Both Ways: Workers, Management and the Construction of a "Community of Fate" on the Shop Floor in a Mexican Garment Factory." Social Forces 84(4): 2099-2120.method: ethnography
Mexico
method: Interviews
organisational temporalities
Work time
fate
futurity
Relevance: 2
methodology
just-in-time production
shared future
Activism
social Change
	Most studies of lean production are based on surveys of managers. This article examines the labor process under lean production at a high-end garment factory in Central Mexico through ethnographic research, consisting of nine months of work at the factory, and in-depth interviews with 25 managers and 26 workers. I found that implementation of lean production is a complex organizational and social phenomenon. I argue that besides a focus on quality, just-in-time production and flattened hierarchies, lean production is based on a management-sponsored "community of fate" ideology. In this case study, the "community of fate" ideology constructed by managers – with its discourse of loyalty and sacrifice and its buttressing corporate welfare programs – convinced workers to extend their physical, intellectual and emotional labor to the firm. What managers failed to fully understand was that in workers' eyes, the "community of fate" belief also tied the firm to the workers. When management reneged on this social pact, workers not only resisted management's efforts to regain control over the shop floor, but also actively used the team system to thwart the firm's economic viability. In the end, instead of controlling workers, lean production facilitated worker radicalization and mobilization. 

Warin, M., F. Baum, et al. (2000). "The power of place: space and time in women's and community health centres in South Australia." Social Science & Medicine 50(12): 1863-1875.Community health
women
Gender
Australia
health care
organisational temporalities
Method: qualitative
method: quantitative
method: surveys
method: Interviews
Anthropology
time and space
perception of time
philosophy
belonging
policy
Relevance: 2
	This paper focuses on the importance of time and space in an Australian medical setting. It draws on research findings from a one year project that aimed to explore community perspectives of, and experiences of medical services in three South Australian women's and community health centres. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis were used in order to address these objectives. A significant finding was the way in which participants described the organisation and experience of time and space in these centres and how this impacted on their health and well being and that of the community. In analysing these spatio-temporal dimensions and the underlying philosophical structures of women's and community health centres, this paper argues that experiences associated with space and time have a positive effect on health status by: diminishing barriers to health services, improving quality of care, increasing community participation, providing safe places for social interaction and strengthening people's sense of belonging or attachment to a particular community and place. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that the spatio-temporal dimensions of health care provision have empowering and positive impacts on a community's health, a significant finding that has implications for the maintenance and future funding of this style of health service.

Waterton, E. and L. Smith (2010). "The recognition and misrecognition of community heritage." International Journal of Heritage Studies 16(1): 4.Multiple heritages
heritage
temporal conflict
expectation
future orientation
Memory
Place
identity
nostalgia
homogenising present
inclusion/exclusion
Counter traditions
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
Assumptions about time obscuring x
community engagement
Social justice
	This paper revisits the notion of ‘community’ within the field of heritage, examining the varied ways in which tensions between different groups and their aspirations arise and are mediated. Our focus is a close examination of the conceptual disjunction that exists between a range of popular, political and academic attempts to define and negotiate memory, place, identity and cultural expression. To do so, the paper places emphasis on those expressions of community that have been taken up within dominant political and academic practice. Such expressions, we argue, are embedded with restrictive assumptions concerned with nostalgia, consensus and homogeneity, all of which help to facilitate the extent to which systemic issues tied up with social justice, recognition and subordinate status are ignored or go unidentified. This, inevitably, has serious and far-reaching consequences for community groups seeking to assert alternative understandings of heritage. Indeed, the net result has seen the virtual disappearance of dissonance and more nuanced ways of understanding heritage. Adopting an argument underpinned by Nancy Fraser's notion of a ‘politics of recognition’, this paper proposes a more critical practice of community engagement.

Watson, S. (2011). ""Why can't we dig like they do on Time Team": The meaning of the past within working class communities." International Journal of Heritage Studies 17(4): 364-379.Archaeology
community engagement
media
inclusion/exclusion
shared past
heritage
community development
Relevance: 2
policy
poverty
past in the present
Museums
assumptions about time obscuring x
U.K.
England
	This paper describes the community excavation organised by Great Yarmouth Museums in Norfolk, England in 2001. It resulted from a period of consultation with a wide range of community representatives within the Borough during the development of the Borough's Heritage Strategy. In 2000, the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions published a review of the Indices of Deprivation, Great Yarmouth ranked fifth-worst in ward level intensity out of 354 local authority districts in England, and the excavation took place in the heart of the most deprived area of the town. Consultation showed that those who lived in this area had a strong interest in the past beyond memory and were keen to find out more about it. Above all, they wanted to take part in an excavation and put the objects they found in a new museum. The paper explores common preconceptions of working class attitudes to archaeology and heritage and considers how far these were borne out by work with deprived communities in Great Yarmouth.

Weis, L. (1986). ""Thirty Years Old and I'm Allowed to Be Late": The Politics of Time at an Urban Community College." British Journal of Sociology of Education 7(3): 241-263.Education
Sociology
Method: participant observation
time use
temporal conflict
punctuality
politics of time
politics
inclusion/exclusion
organisational temporalities
time discipline
relevance: 2
	Within recent years scholars in both sociology of education and curriculum studies have explored what it is about the school that reproduces class, race and gender relations that maintain an unequal social structure. While it has long been recognized that school outcomes differ along these lines, the role that the school plays in creating differential outcomes and forms of consciousness that sustain fundamental inequalities and antagonisms has been largely ignored. This is as much true for scholars like Bowles and Gintis as it is for earlier functionalists. This article begins to fill this void by focusing on the relationship between the 'hidden curriculum' and student culture. Data presented here were gathered as part of a larger study on the 'lived culture' of lower class black students in a community college (which I call Urban College) located in a large northeastern city in the United States. I argue that, rather than 'determine' student culture in any simple sense, the hidden curriculum and student culture emerge in relation to one another. Each creates aspects of the other and neither can be discussed or analyzed separately. The way in which elements of the hidden curriculum combine in a concrete culture to produce aspects of student consciousness is also discussed.

Weltman, D. (2003). "From Political Landscape to Political Timescape: The Third Way and the Ideological Imagining of Political Change and Continuity." Time & Society 12(2-3): 243-262.continuity over time
politics
democracy
political time
progress
Social Change
Temporal vs spatial communities
Time as symbolic resource
time as tool for political legitimation
timelessness
U.K.
time and space
Relevance: 2
timescape
	Recent changes in British politics can be partly understood in terms of the gradual replacement of political division in space by political division in time. This article explores that development by examining local politicians' accounts of political time. In the main, the rise of Third Way consensus politics was found to be represented as either a progressive or regressive development, although the former version was by far the most common. In addition, some councillors were seen to face an `ideological dilemma' between recognizing the recent emergence of non-partisan politics and a preference for a timeless non-partisanship for self.

Whipp, R. (1994). "A time to be concerned: a position paper on time and management." Time & Society 3(1): 99-116.Management
organisational temporalities
Policy
time as missing element
Methodology
Multiple temporalities
temporal ordering
relevance: 2
Review article
time as symbolic resource
meaning
critique of discipline
assumptions about time obscuring x
	The aim of this paper is to scrutinize the way time is currently understood and managed by organizations. In particular, the concern is with the claims made by policy makers in this area and the limited conceptions of time employed by the academics involved. After surveying the major themes in the study of time and organizations, the paper seeks to supply a basic conceptual vocabulary relevant to the task of understanding contemporary management. The second half of the paper illustrates how a pluralist conception of time might lead to a fuller appreciation of the continued diversity of time-ordering systems in organizations and their multiple sources and meanings. 

Widder, N. (2008). Reflections on Time and Politics. University Park, PA, Pennsylvania State University Press.psychoanalysis
politics
Continental Philosophy
political philosophy
Political time
Philosophy
politics
globalisation
Acceleration of time
nietzsche
Bergson
Deleuze
non-linear time
identity
conceptions of time
Social Change
power
language
non-homogeneous community
ethics
Aristotle
foucault
relevance: 2
biology
evolution
Unpredictibility
creativity
archaeology
Aristotle
foucault
critical temporalities
	Recent philosophical debates have moved beyond proclamations of the "death of philosophy" and the "death of the subject" to consider more positively how philosophy can be practiced and the human self can be conceptualized today. Inspired by the writings of Nietzsche, Bergson, and Deleuze, rapid changes related to globalization, and advances in evolutionary biology and neuroscience, these debates have generated a renewed focus on time as an active force of change and novelty. Rejecting simple linear models of time, these strands of thought have provided creative alternatives to a traditional reliance on fixed boundaries and stable identities that has proven unable to grapple with the intense speeds and complexities of contemporary life.

In this book, Nathan Widder contributes to these debates, but also goes significantly beyond them. Holding that current writings remain too focused on time's movement, he examines more fundamentally time's structure and its structural ungrounding, releasing time completely from its traditional subordination to movement and space. Doing this enables him to reformulate entirely the terms through which time and change are understood, leading to a radical alteration of our understandings of power, resistance, language, and the unconscious, and taking post-identity political philosophy and ethics in a new direction.

Eighteen independent but interlinked reflections engage with ancient philosophy, mathematical theory, dialectics, psychoanalysis, archaeology, and genealogy. The book's broad coverage and novel rereadings of key figures including Aristotle, Bergson, Nietzsche, Foucault, and Deleuze make this a unique rethinking of the nature of pluralism, multiplicity, and politics.

Wiegman, R. (2000). "Feminism's Apocalyptic Futures." New Literary History 31(4): 805-825.feminism
history
futurity
future orientation
non-homogeneous community
continuity over time
Critical temporalities
origin stories
Gender
reproductive time
Simultaneity
temporal boundaries
homogenising present
political time
time as all encompassing
inclusion/exclusion
Knowledge
Duration
Relevance: 2
Absence of future
temporality of academic work
political time
Generations
women's time
Teleology
	not available - from the text: By resisting the way in which the present is diagnosed as failure and the future is cast in apocalyptic terms, I argue not only for the political value of feminism's inability to remain identical to itself, but for a studied reassessment of the meaning and force of academic institutionalization itself. To this nonreproductive end, the paper is organized into four parts. The first reads the structure of time implicit in apocalyptic narration in order to question the equation of feminism's "political time" with continuity, history, and origin. Such equations make of feminism's own history a story of maternal order and generational succession, thereby reproducing a model for feminist subjectivity that requires it to be self-identical across time. The second section examines one compelling account of academic feminism's history which, in seeking to avoid the apocalyptic formulation and its implicit demand for a self-identical feminism, argues for "feminisms in the plural" to simultaneously attend to sociopolitical differences within feminism and to guarantee feminism's futurity. Here, I worry about the way this model avoids what the apocalyptic tries to speak--the fear that feminism cannot guarantee its futurity--by rendering "difference" subjective and writing feminism's political time as all-inclusive. This argument sets up my penultimate discussion, which focuses on the difference between women's subjectivities and feminist knowledge in order to consider at paper's end how we might rearticulate not only the politics of knowledge in the contemporary academy, but feminism's political time away from beginnings or endings and toward the problem of its (and our) critical "duration." These arguments are part of a larger deliberation on the question: What does it mean to consider the academy as a site of feminist intervention at this historical juncture? 

Wiegman, R. (2004). "On Being in Time with Feminism." Modern Language Quarterly 65(1): 161-176 feminism
non-linear time
feminist theory
philosophy
organisational temporalities
USA
Synchronicity
Asynchrony
time management
temporal conflict
shared past
Critical temporalities
Past in the present
Continuity over time
community stability
Unpredictibility
relevance: 2
Activism
temporality of academic work
knowledge production
imagined futures
	not available - from the text: As a deliberation on the psychic life that these and other transformations generate, my essay proceeds by tracing, somewhat loosely, the lines of the struggle between languages that seem most powerfully to hail and haunt us: between theory and experience, to be sure, but also between the academic and the feminist, institutionalization and social movement, the past and the future. By delineating the complex particularity of women's studies in the U.S. university, I hope to offer one palpable [End Page 166] example of the costs and limitations that seeking to be in time with feminism—and to render feminism coherent in time—entails. For it seems to me that the desire to "be in time with feminism," along with the mechanisms of temporal management that such desire invites, is at the heart of the agony that currently characterizes academic feminist deliberations on itself. My argumentative strategy is less thesis driven than meditative—to those committed to methodological or rhetorical orthodoxies, it may appear to meander—but my intention is to evoke something concrete about the ways in which our complex, persistent political desire plays out in those institutional forms most familiar to us: in the teaching of students to be teachers, in the making of canons and the search for the shared temporality of foundational knowledge, in the traffic between the intense and painful political emergency of the present and the haunting presence of a past whose loss has a certain life of its own. The importance of understanding our failure to learn—or, more accurately, the constitutive failure that learning entails—is central to, if not always in the foreground of, my meditations, along with profound respect and deep regret for the psychic life that such struggles and their failures beget. My goal is to enact a kind of nomadic thinking that refuses to take any learning as final by giving feminism a future to be other than what we think it was or what we assume we now are. 

Williams, P., B. Pocock, et al. (2009). "Kids' lives in adult space and time: How home, community, school and adult work affect opportunity for teenagers in suburban Australia." Health Sociology Review 18(4): 472-472.generations
education
organisational temporalities
sociology
Australia
Method: Focus groups
health
children/youth
coordinating between different times
urban communities
labour time
life course
home
Families
time management
inclusion/exclusion
temporal inequality
Temporal conflict
temporal complexity
Relevance: 2
Agency
	This study aimed to address significant gaps in our understanding of how teenagers live their lives within the spatial and temporal limitations imposed by an 'adult' world, and in the context of changing work and household patterns in Australia. By keeping home, community, school and parental work in equal focus it acknowledges that each of these spheres has the potential to provide resources and exert demands which will influence the opportunities available to teenagers as they transition through adolescence into adulthood.

Methods: One hundred and seventy four boys and girls aged between 11 and 18 years took part in twenty two focus groups concerned with how characteristics of home, local community and parental work impact on various aspects of their lives. Teenagers were recruited from both state and private schools servicing three master planned communities and three traditional lower socioeconomic status suburbs in South Australia, Victoria and Queensland.

Findings: there is a clear indication that teenagers' lives are contingent upon adult space and time. What teenagers do, how they do it, when they do it and with whom they do it sits within and sometimes buts up against, the spatial and temporal realities of their parents and other adults in their communities. While this is the case for all teenagers the outcomes vary for teenagers of different socioeconomic backgrounds and for teenagers in different age groups. These findings demonstrate that the ability of teenagers to access opportunities for social interaction, work experience, education, physical activity and independent agency depend on the amenity, mobility and adult availability characteristics of the contexts within which they live.

Conclusion: How teenagers are accommodated by home, local community, school and parental work affects not only their well-being but the well-being of their family and the wider community.

Wilson, A. (2004). Four Days and a Breakfast: Time, Space and Literacy/ies in the Prison Community. Spatializing literacy research and practice. K. M. Leander and M. Sheehy, Peter Lang: 67-90.education
method: ethnography
prison life
time and space
Agency
social time
Relevance: 2
	None available - from intro: My aim here is to show that far from being the anonymous docile mass that statistics would suggest, people in prison retain a strong sense of personal agency, which they apply in culturally appropriate ways to both time and space. It is also my intention, supported by the views of prisoners and staff, to show that literacy-related activities, practices, and artifacts play a central role in this struggle to make sense of the various dminsions of the prison world. 

Wilson, M. L. (1974). Space, Time, and Freedom: The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict, 1815-1861, Greenwood Press.political science
nationalism
political time
time as tool for political legitimation
Territory
Changing perceptions of time
Relevance: 2
Democratic present
progress
future orientation
timelessness
Slavery
	not available - from book review - http://www.jstor.org/stable/2936242 "The book's argument may be summarized (and oversimplified) as follows: during the years 1815-1861 the three conceptual elements men- tioned in the title-Space, Time, and Freedom-were related in different ways in the minds of different politicians. Prevailing at first was a ttcor- porate concept of freedom," with a strong sense of institutions and a belief in progress through group effort over the course of time. It found expression in Henry Clay's American System and an outstanding spokesman in Daniel Webster. Next to prevail was "federative freedom," which had a "quality of timelessness"; it emphasized "liberty for individuals," and it assumed that the nation's future could be improved not by any "qualitative change" in freedom but only by a "quantitative spread" through terrestrial space. This was the Jacksonians' conception, and it was realized in their programs of economic laissez-faire and territorial expansion (manifest destiny). Finally there rose to the top the idea of "freedom national," a kind of individual freedom that had some similarities with the Jacksonian concept but implied a return to original principles that would justify expansion only for the benefit of nonslaveholding whites. This was the free soil position, and its leading exponent was Abraham Lincoln. "

Withers, D. M. and R. Chidgey (2010). "Complicated Inheritance: Sistershow (1973-1974) and the Queering of Feminism." Women: A Cultural Review 21(3): 309 - 322.feminist theory
Activism
Chronology
narrative
feminism
agency
action
temporal distancing
Coevalness
generations
non-linear time
history
Method: oral history
Method: life histories
queer theory
historiography
Relevance: 2
epochalism
generations
inheritance
	This article aims to disrupt such teleological narratives of ‘second’ and ‘third wave’ feminist activism by introducing and analysing some aspects of the British Women’s Liberation Movement, such as ‘queer tendencies’, that we may more readily recognise as ‘third wave’. In particular, we aim to move away from assumptions that ascribe specific tactics or ideologies to certain time periods or generations. In its place we wish to present the idea that feminists have used activist strategies that recur throughout the history of feminist struggle. Such an understanding, we believe, can help us move away from a rigid, generational-based knowledge of feminism, both past and present.

In our presentation of Sistershow life history materials (oral interviews and letters) and historical artefacts (photographs, programmes, flyers), we reclaim a lively episode of WLM cultural activism. We analyse how this collective work, with its strategically queer inflections, interferes with dominant narratives of Western feminist theory and historiographies.3 In
doing so, we re-locate so-called third wave tendencies such as camp (Conrad 2001) in Sistershow performances. This allows us to question the widespread but problematic presentation of these tendencies as triggering a shift from puritan, ‘anti-sex’ second wave practices to a more pleasure orientated present. In summary, we aim to contribute a playful troubling of both one-dimensional understandings of ‘seventies feminism’ (Graham et al. 2003) and the ‘unique’ legacies of so-called contemporary feminist activist strategies.

Witmore, C. L. (2006). "Vision, Media, Noise and the Percolation of Time." Journal of Material Culture 11(3): 267-292.Media
materiality
cultural studies
visuality
Archaeology
sound
Technology
Modernity
methodology
critique of discipline
Method: dynamic rather than static
Critical temporalities
non-linear time
Assumptions about time obscuring x
Relevance: 2
Affect
asynchrony
critique of discipline
	Why in the articulation of archaeological knowledge have wider sensory properties of the material world been over looked? This article considers this question in relation to sound. It argues that the neglect of sound is partly the product of human transactions with instruments and media in practice. Moreover, the denial of sound as a relevant category of archaeological inquiry arises out of modernist notions of space-time that reside at the heart of the discipline. So while the visual is linked with spatial properties that are resistant to change, the aural is connected with the temporal and is considered momentary and fleeting in nature. Still, it is argued that sound as a quality of things is fundamental to human sensation - to being. In building upon a non-modernist notion of time where entities and events quite distant in a linear temporality are proximate through their simultaneous entanglement and percolation I suggest we might learn what we can understand from tuning into the acoustic properties of the material past. But rather than reproduce an unnecessary dualism between seeing and hearing, this endeavor will require us to relearn how to see and hear at the same time through other, complimentary modes of articulation and engagement. 

Wittmann, M., J. Dinich, et al. (2006). "Social jetlag: Misalignment of biological and social time." Chronobiology International 23(1-2): 497-509.biological time
chronobiology
education
method: questionnaires
policy
psychology
scheduling
Social coordination
Social time
temporal conflict
Asynchrony
biology
health care
Relevance: 2
	Humans show large differences in the preferred timing of their sleep and activity. This so-called "chronotype" is largely regulated by the circadian clock. Both genetic variations in clock genes and environmental influences contribute to the distribution of chronotypes in a given population, ranging from extreme early types to extreme late types with the majority falling between these extremes. Social (e.g., school and work) schedules interfere considerably with individual sleep preferences in the majority of the population. Late chronotypes show the largest differences in sleep timing between work and free days leading to a considerable sleep debt on work days, for which they compensate on free days. The discrepancy between work and free days, between social and biological time, can be described as 'social jetlag'. Here, we explore how sleep quality and psychological wellbeing are associated with individual chronotype and/or social jetlag. A total of 501 volunteers filled out the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) as well as additional questionnaires on: (i) sleep quality (SF-A), (ii) current psychological wellbeing (Basler Befindlichkeitsbogen), (iii) retrospective psychological wellbeing over the past week (POMS), and (iv) consumption of stimulants (e.g. , caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol). Associations of chronotype, wellbeing, and stimulant consumption are strongest in teenagers and young adults up to age 25 yrs. The most striking correlation exists between chronotype and smoking, which is significantly higher in late chronotypes of all ages (except for those in retirement). We show these correlations are most probably a consequence of social jetlag, i.e., the discrepancies between social and biological timing rather than a simple association to different chronotypes. Our results strongly suggest that work (and school) schedules should be adapted to chronotype whenever possible.

Wohlrab-Sahr, M. (2004). "Integrating Different Pasts, Avoiding Different Futures?: Recent Conflicts about Islamic Religious Practice and Their Judicial Solutions " Time & Society 13(1): 51-70.temporal conflict
law
Migration
Religion
Simultaneity
Shared future
inclusion/exclusion
Relevance: 2
coordinating between different times
Islam
europe
time as tool for managing percieved threats
Multiculturalism
Multiple heritages
Absence of future
contradictory present
	In several European countries there have been judicial decisions relating to the religious practice of Muslim immigrants: Law suits about headscarves in public schools and ritual slaughter are prominent examples. When issues of religious difference are being treated at the Supreme Court level, this indicates a problem of social integration in a growingly multicultural society. In this article such decisions are interpreted as an effort to integrate references to a foreign religious past while avoiding references to a future that might arise from it. Through this, the unstructured and conflicting simultaneity of different religious pasts and presents is shaped into a structured ‘simultaneity of the non-simultaneous’.

Wood, C. (2008). "Time, Cycles and Tempos in Social-ecological Research and Environmental Policy." Time & Society 17(2-3): 261-282.anthropology
communities in crisis
cyclical time
environment
history
methodology
Multiple temporalities
organisational temporalities
policy
responsibility
temporal complexity
Temporal conflict
Temporality of academic work
temporally extended responsibilities
biology
conservation practices
coordinating between different times
Relevance: 2
	The execution of successful social-ecological research and the formulation of effective environmental policies crucially depend on a deep knowledge of the temporal complexity of the interactions between social and biophysical systems. To promote a keener awareness of the relevance of time, cycles, and tempos, this study assembles examples drawn from a range of disciplines to delineate the ways temporality enters into human behavior, resource management, and the conduct of social-ecological research. Anthropological and historical studies document the culturally embedded temporal subjectivities that shape the way humans exploit or conserve natural resources. Analyses of environmental policy show how temporal considerations enter into intervention strategies via such concepts as discount rates, property rights and the precautionary principle. The centrality of temporal assumptions is further evidenced by the time-dependent foundations of disciplinary specializations. The likelihood of temporal mismatches between the specializations that participate in interdisciplinary research and between the scientific findings and environmental policy can be mitigated by giving attention to temporal grain, temporal fallacy and temporal extent.

Wylie, J. (1982). "The Sense of Time, the Social Construction of Reality, and the Foundations of Nationhood in Dominica and the Faroe Islands." Comparative Studies in Society and History 24(3): 438-466.in/commensurability between times
cultural variants of time
Carribean
Denmark
Europe
history
Method: comparative analysis
Development
Progress
Relevance: 2
	not available  - from the text: This essay concerns the sense of time and the social construction of reality in Casse and in Alvab0ur. They could hardly be more different. Casse's past is shallow and unimportantA; lvab0ur's is deep and a topic of general interest. In Casse reality is shiftingly construed, often through argument, as a matter of received opinion, or else it is founded distantly in the antithetical world of white men's ways and God's word. In Alvab0ur the social order is construed in terms of such portions of reality as historical truths and the order of nature. I also want to suggest a corollary of these differences, with the broader intention of comparing Afro-Caribbean and Scandinavian society. What the Dominican press called "the move to independence" was profoundly ahistorical and culturally threatening; in the Faroes, gradual separation from Denmark has seemed an almost natural fulfillment of cultural development. 

Wyschogrod, E. (1998). An Ethics of Remembering: History, Heterology, and the Nameless Others. Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press.history
memory
ethics
postmodernism
modernity
Multiple temporalities
inclusion/exclusion
shared past
methodology
philosophy
Continental Philosophy
psychology
Cinema
Critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
Historiography
Archives
Method: archives
The internet
	What are the ethical responsibilities of the historian in an age of mass murder and hyperreality? Can one be postmodern and still write history? For whom should history be written? Edith Wyschogrod animates such questions through the passionate figure of the "heterological historian." Realizing the philosophical impossibility of ever recovering "what really happened," this historian nevertheless acknowledges a moral imperative to speak for those who have been rendered voiceless, to give countenance to those who have become faceless, and hope to the desolate. Wyschogrod also weighs the impact of modern archival methods, such as photographs, film, and the Internet, which bring with them new constraints on the writing of history and which mandate a new vision of community. Drawing on the works of continental philosophers, historiographers, cognitive scientists, and filmmakers, Wyschogrod creates a powerful new framework for the understanding of history and the ethical duties of the historian.

Yafeh, O. (2007). "The Time in the Body: Cultural Construction of Femininity in Ultraorthodox Kindergartens for Girls." Ethos 35(4): 516-553.embodiment
gender
education
Religion
Anthropology
Method: ethnography
Judaism
Israel
Past in the present
Relevance: 2
feminism
inclusion/exclusion
Critical temporalities
life course
Ritual
identity
women's time
Multiple temporalities
social time
children/youth
Middle East
	This study focuses on the coming into being of young gendered subjects through their bodies and their habitus. It is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Ultraorthodox (Haredi) Jewish kindergartens for girls in Jerusalem, Israel. My analysis explores the cultural constructions of femininity and the body as these are revealed through practices regarding clothing, hair, voice, food consumption, gestures, and whole-body movements. I suggest that the value of modesty, characterized by abstinence and restraint, becomes the cornerstone of Haredi femininity, which is at the same time embodied in "doing," in certain acts that become feminine rituals of cultural affiliation. Furthermore, I argue that the girls embody a unique cultural concept of time, which reflects the importance attributed in their culture to reliving the past as a formative experience of both present and future identities. More specifically, I delineate the development of a distinctly female bodily version of Jewish time, which is characterized by a particular synthesis of cultural and individual orders of time.

Ÿian, H. (2004). "Time Out and Drop Out: On the Relation between Linear Time and Individualism." Time & Society 13(2-3): 173-195.boredom
individual time
labour time
life course
linear time
methodology
modernity
Multiple temporalities
Social coordination
sociology
Temporal conflict
Time as resource
Time discipline
children/youth
Relevance: 2
	By way of focusing on two partly opposing temporalizations found in different social practices of young persons out of work, some central aspects of the relation between individualism and linear time are discussed, in particular in relation to the question of self-identity. It is concluded that if linear time should have any analytical value in the study of late modernity it should refer to the social practices and ideology of individualism and neither to the orchestrating of collectives nor to unidirectionality and irreversibility.

Yoneyama, L. (1999). Hiroshima Traces: Time, Space, and the Dialectics of Memory. Berkeley, University of California.Japan
Memory
Knowledge
Multiple temporalities
temporal conflict
cities
war
Counter traditions
inclusion/exclusion
Break in time
Communities in crisis
critical temporalities
Relevance: 2
time and space
South Korea
politics of time
capitalism
tourism
	Remembering Hiroshima, the city obliterated by the world's first nuclear attack, has been a complicated and intensely politicized process, as we learn from Lisa Yoneyama's sensitive investigation of the "dialectics of memory." She explores unconventional texts and dimensions of culture involved in constituting Hiroshima memories--including history textbook controversies, discourses on the city's tourism and urban renewal projects, campaigns to preserve atomic ruins, survivors' testimonial practices, ethnic Koreans' narratives on Japanese colonialism, and the feminized discourse on peace--in order to illuminate the politics of knowledge about the past and present. In the way battles over memories have been expressed as material struggles over the cityscape itself, we see that not all share the dominant remembering of Hiroshima's disaster, with its particular sense of pastness, nostalgia, and modernity. The politics of remembering, in Yoneyama's analysis, is constituted by multiple and contradictory senses of time, space, and positionality, elements that have been profoundly conditioned by late capitalism and intensifying awareness of post-Cold War and postcolonial realities. Hiroshima Traces, besides clarifying the discourse surrounding this unforgotten catastrophe, reflects on questions that accompany any attempts to recover marginalized or silenced experiences. At a time when historical memories around the globe appear simultaneously threatening and in danger of obliteration, Yoneyama asks how acts of remembrance can serve the cause of knowledge without being co-opted and deprived of their unsettling, self-critical qualities. 

Young, I. M. (1986). "The Ideal of Community and the Politics of Difference." Social Theory and Practice 12(1): 1 - 26.philosophy
politics
Continental Philosophy
non-homogeneous community
presence
communication
cities
history
utopia
Relevance: 2
	not available

Young, M. (1988). The Metronomic Society: Natural Rhythms and Human Timetables. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.Rhythms
Scheduling
Sociology
habits
repetition
Cyclical time
creativity
memory
Tradition
The future
Relevance: 2
Social coordination
coordinating between different times
Separation from the past
continuity over time
imagined futures
Biological time
biology
permanence
	In 'The Metronomic Society', a sociologist advances the principle that society is held together by ceaseless cyclical oscillations embodied in individual and collective habits. People keep doing what they have done before, yet they welcome each day with its promise of a new beginning. Cyclical time keeps things the same by reproducing the past and gratifying the human aspiration for permanence, while linear time introduces novelty and keeps us from getting stale. The whole is a rich extended meditation on time, memory, habit, custom, change, repetition, tradition, and the future. It is a delight to read - closely argued, elegantly written, full of wit and piquant details - and will appeal to general readers as well as to specialists in sociology, biology, anthropology, history, and philosophy

Young, M. and T. Schuller, Eds. (1988). The Rhythms of Society. Reports of the Institute of Community Studies. London, Routledge.Sociology
rhythms
Acceleration of time
social Change
social structure
geography
labour time
social psychology
habits
social time
time as natural
Relevance: 2
	This collection reflects the time-obsessed age we live in. The contributors, drawn from a range of disciplines, develop a common sociological approach to examine time in a range of cultures, sub-cultures and historical periods. This book should be of interest to students of sociology. 

Zentner, H. (1966). "The Social Time-Space Relationship: A Theoretical Formulation." Sociological Inquiry 36(1): 61-79.time and space
sociology
methodology
economics
Psychology
social Change
social time
time as missing element
Relevance: 2
physical time
cultural variants of time
	not available - from the text: In comparison with the natural sciences as well as with certain other behavioral disciplines such as economics and psychology, sociology has been slow to engage in the systematic observation and analysis of behavior as it is governed by temporal and spatial considerations. Sociological theory has often considered time and space to be two independent variables that comprise an external framework in terms of which the sociocultural drama might be apprehended. Departures from this traditional orientation have appeared only gradually and in piecemeal fashi0n.l Thus, while it is increasingly recognized that time and space are numbered among the more basic parameters of human behavior, there is almost no critical literature which has attempted to assess the adequacy and utility of the several approaches to these phenomena? neither is there any evidence of attempts to reformulate the several prevailing conceptualizations into a logically coherent framework. It is the purpose of this paper to assay the latter of these two problems and to relate the time-space nexus to the larger issue of sociocultural development. In the discussion to follow, attention always will be focused on the nature of the complex interrelationships among four conceptually distinct categories of time-space phenomena: (1) physical time, (2) physical space, (3) social time, and (4) social space. Each of the four categories is accorded the status of a concept which is widely, though not universally,  manifest as a cultural definition, and each is illustrated by examples which appear in context below.

Zerubavel, E. (1979). "Private Time and Public Time: The Temporal Structure of Social Accessibility and Professional Commitments." Social Forces 58(1): 38-58.health
hierarchy
labour time
public and private time
professionalism
Relevance: 2
social coordination
status
Temporal boundaries
Temporal inequality
Time allocation
Time as symbolic resource
time scarcity
professionalism
	This paper highlights the temporal aspects of social accessibility, demonstrating that time is a major dimension of social organization along which both privacy and professional commitments are defined in modern society. An analysis of the temporal structure of professional commitments within the domain of health care, leads to the claim that the temporally rigid way in which most professional commitments are defined today is one of the key characteristics of modern social organization. A general conceptual scheme, constructed around the temporal structure of social accessibility, is evaluated in terms of its use in helping us identify and differentiate various occupational roles as well as various status rankings within stratification systems. The symbolic significance of the temporal organization of social accessibility is stressed-both in general, and for professional commitments in particular.

Zerubavel, E. (1987). "The Language of Time: Toward a Semiotics of Temporality." The Sociological Quarterly 28(3): 343-356.language
time as symbolic resource
method: semiotics
commemorative events
Ritual
religion
national time
multiple temporalities
social time
Relevance: 2
calendars
Meaning
Sociology
Judaism
Christianity
	This article examines temporality from a semiotic perspective, as a quasi-linguistic system of signification, shedding light on the rudimentary elements of the "language" of time and the way both individuals and societies use them in their "speech." It first explores how people manipulate various dimensions of temporality (e.g., duration, speed, frequency, timing) as virtual semiotic codes through which they manage to convey various social messages (e.g., about priority, importance, commitment, respect, intimacy, informality) without having to articulate them verbally. It then proceeds to show that this schema of symbolic relations between the temporal and the social seems to operate not only at the microsocial level of interpersonal relations but also at the macrosocial level of societal politics. Using the Jewish Sabbath, the Christian Lord's Day, and the French Republican calendar as case studies, it examines the way "temporal contrasts" are used to substantiate and accentuate social (conceptual, cultural, and political) contrasts. The article introduces the "semiotic quadrangle," the use of which enables the student of symbolic communication to view meaning as a function of an entire system of symbolic associations at both semantic and syntactic levels.

Zerubavel, E. (2004). Time Maps: Collective Memory and the Social Shape of the Past. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.narrative
history
the past
imagined pasts
invention of tradition
Collective memory
origin stories
epochalism
Break in time
social time
Relevance: 2
narrative
time as symbolic resource
meaning
Separation from the past
events
	"Time Maps extends beyond all of the old clichés about linear, circular, and spiral patterns of historical process and provides us with models of the actual legends used to map history. It is a brilliant and elegant exercise in model building that provides new insights into some of the old questions about philosophy of history, historical narrative, and what is called straight history."-Hayden White, University of California, Santa Cruz. Who were the first people to inhabit North America? Does the West Bank belong to the Arabs or the Jews? Why are racists so obsessed with origins? Is a seventh cousin still a cousin? Why do some societies name their children after dead ancestors? As Eviatar Zerubavel demonstrates in Time Maps, we cannot answer burning questions such as these without a deeper understanding of how we envision the past. In a pioneering attempt to map the structure of our collective memory, Zerubavel considers the cognitive patterns we use to organize the past in our minds and the mental strategies that help us string together unrelated events into coherent and meaningful narratives, as well as the social grammar of battles over conflicting interpretations of history. Drawing on fascinating examples that range from Hiroshima to the Holocaust, from Columbus to Lucy, and from ancient Egypt to the former Yugoslavia, Zerubavel shows how we construct historical origins; how we tie discontinuous events together into stories; how we link families and entire nations through genealogies; and how we separate distinct historical periods from one another through watersheds, such as the invention of fire or the fall of the Berlin Wall. Most people think the Roman Empire ended in 476, even though it lasted another 977 years in Byzantium. Challenging such conventional wisdom, Time Maps will be must reading for anyone interested in how the history of our world takes shape. There are many alternative ways to cut up the past, none of which are more natural and hence more valid than others. Any system of periodization is thus inevitably social, since our ability to envision the historical watersheds separating one conventional ‘period’ from another is basically a product of being socialized into specific  traditions of carving the past. (p. 97) This is the key message of Time Maps, that we are ‘mnemonically socialized’ by the collectivities to which we are attached.

Zhao, S. and D. Elesh (2008). "Copresence as ‘Being With’: Social Contact in Online Public Domains." Information, Communication & Society 11(4): 564-583.online communities
Sociology
synchronicity
power
Shared present
the internet
Temporal vs spatial communities
Giddens
temporal boundaries
inclusion/exclusion
time as all encompassing
Relevance: 2
hierarchy
	This article examines the issue of 'ubiquitous connectivity' on the Internet. The Internet, combined with the wireless technologies, is said to have made it possible for 'anyone to contact anyone else anywhere at anytime', but such ubiquity of connectivity has failed to materialize in actual human contact. Drawing on Goffman and Giddens's theories of human interaction, the authors make a distinction between co-location, which is a spatial relationship among individuals, and copresence, a social relationship. While co-location puts people within range of each other, copresence renders people mutually accessible for contact. However, the establishment of copresence is normatively regulated in society, which demarcates different regions of space for different types of activity. Social contact takes place in a domain where copresence is affected not only by the regionality of contact but also by the power relations that underlie personal affinity and social engagement. It is concluded that so long as there are social barriers that separate people into different groups of interests and different positions in the hierarchy of fame and power, there will be fragmentations in the online world that make the ubiquity of social connectivity impossible. 

Zucchermaglio, C. and A. Talamo (2000). "The Social Construction of Work Times." Time & Society 9(2-3): 205-222.social time
labour time
temporal boundaries
psychology
time as missing element
Method: qualitative
Method: quantitative
Italy
Europe
organisational temporalities
temporal conflict
Relevance: 2
time management
negotiation
	This article deals with the negotiation of time boundaries in a project group. The study grew up from a theoretical approach grounded in cultural psychology, where time is considered as a cultural artifact and as a dimension of the interactive environment that could be co-constructed by all participants through discourse. The relevance of the negotiation of the temporal dimension in work settings is still unexplored. Both qualitative and quantitative data of the first meeting of a project group of an Italian national bank working on the reorganization of front-office services show how the negotiation of temporal aspects is a core topic from the very beginning of the work. This study shows that when a project starts, all participants spend a lot of effort in defining different kinds of temporal boundaries as these represent very important dimensions of work planning; time is not treated as a single topic but participants differentiate organizational time, project time, meetings time and actual meeting time. Results strengthen the hypothesis of the interactional nature of time in work settings and show specific relationships with the contents of participants' discourses.